Metalloids are a very small group of elements found in the periodic table of elements along the zig-zag line that distinguishes metals from non-metals and is drawn from between boron and aluminium to the border between polonium and astatine.

Metalloids have properties that are intermediate between metals and non-metals. They have properties that are difficult to characterize.

Sublimation is the transition of a substance from the solid phase to the gaseous phase without changing into the liquid phase.

Iodine is a powerful antiseptic. Tincture of Iodine is a 2-3 per cent Solution in alcohol- water mixture and applied on wounds.

A process known as centrifugation is used to separate butter from curd. Evaporation technique is used to separate salt from seawater. Distillation causes water to evaporate leaving solid salt behind, hence the production of salt.

The Tyndall effect is the phenomenon in which the particles in a colloid scatter the beams of light that are directed at them. This effect is exhibited by all colloidal solutions and some very fine suspensions. A Colloid is an intermediate between Solution and suspension.

A Colloid is an intermediate between Solution and suspension.

Lysosomes help to keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign material as well as worn-out cell organelles. Lysosomes are able to do this because they contain powerful digestive enzymes capable of breaking down all organic material.

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. The energy required for various chemical activities needed for life is released by mitochondria in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphopshate) molecules. ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell.

Mitochondria are strange organelles in the sense that they have their own DNA and ribosomes. Therefore, mitochondria are able to make some of their own proteins.

Water and minerals are transport from roots to aerial parts of the plant by Xylem. Phloem is unlike xylem in that materials can move in both directions in it. Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Transport of food and nutrients such as sugar and amino acids from leaves to storage organs and parts of plants done by Phloem. This movement of substances is called translocation.

Parthenogenesis is a fascinating form of reproduction in which an organism develops from an unfertilized egg, meaning no male gamete (sperm) is involved.

There are 16 elements essential to growth of crop plants:

• Supplied by air and water: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium (NPK)
• Secondary Nutrients: calcium, magnesium, sulphur
• Micronutrients: boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, Molybdenum and zinc

As it falls, its potential energy will change into kinetic energy (1/2mv^2).

Neutron is the heaviest of all atomic particles.

Generally, the speed of sound decreases when we go from solid to gaseous state.

Citric acid is the principal organic acid found in citrus fruits. To meet increasing demands, it is produced from carbohydrate feedstock by fermentation with the fungus Aspergillus Niger and the yeasts of Candida.

Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the virus and Diphtheria is caused by bacteria.

<h3>1. <strong>Transport</strong></h3> <ul> <li><strong>Oxygen &amp; Carbon Dioxide:</strong> Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and return carbon dioxide back to the lungs.</li> <li><strong>Nutrients:</strong> Transports glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins to cells.</li> <li><strong>Waste Products:</strong> Carries urea and other metabolic wastes to kidneys for excretion.</li> <li><strong>Hormones &amp; Enzymes:</strong> Delivers chemical messengers from endocrine glands to target organs.</li> </ul> <h3> 2. <strong>Protection</strong></h3> <ul> <li><strong>Immune Defense:</strong> White blood cells fight infections and produce antibodies.</li> <li><strong>Clotting (Hemostasis):</strong> Platelets and clotting factors help seal wounds and prevent blood loss.</li> </ul> <h3>3. <strong>Regulation</strong></h3> <ul> <li><strong>Body Temperature:</strong> Distributes heat to maintain optimal internal temperature.</li> <li><strong>pH Balance:</strong> Maintains pH through buffers like bicarbonates.</li> <li><strong>Fluid Balance:</strong> Regulates water content in tissues through plasma proteins and electrolytes.</li> </ul>

During the day, the air near the ground is warmer than the air above. Sound travels faster in warm air, so it bends upward, away from our ears due to Refraction.

Light waves are many times faster than sound waves. Hence, when there is lightning, the light waves reach us faster than the sound waves.

<h3><strong>Genetic Factors</strong></h3> <ul> <li>Inherited mutations (e.g. <em>BRCA1/BRCA2</em> genes in breast and ovarian cancer)</li> <li>Family history of cancer increases risk</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Environmental &amp; Lifestyle Causes</strong></h3> <ul> <li><strong>Tobacco smoke:</strong> Major cause of lung, throat, mouth, and bladder cancers</li> <li><strong>Alcohol consumption:</strong> Linked to liver, breast, and digestive tract cancers</li> <li><strong>Diet &amp; obesity:</strong> High-fat, low-fiber diets and excess weight increase risk</li> <li><strong>Physical inactivity:</strong> A sedentary lifestyle may contribute to cancer risk</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Carcinogens (Cancer-Causing Substances)</strong></h3> <ul> <li><strong>Chemicals:</strong> Asbestos, benzene, formaldehyde</li> <li><strong>Radiation:</strong> UV rays (sunlight), ionizing radiation (like X-rays)</li> <li><strong>Pollution:</strong> Airborne particles and industrial waste exposure</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Biological Agents</strong></h3> <ul> <li><strong>Viruses:</strong> HPV (cervical cancer), Hepatitis B &amp; C (liver cancer), Epstein–Barr virus (certain lymphomas)</li> <li><strong>Bacteria &amp; parasites:</strong> <em>H. pylori</em> is linked to stomach cancer</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Hormonal and Immune System Factors</strong></h3> <ul> <li>Hormone therapy or imbalances (e.g. estrogen and breast cancer)</li> <li>A weakened immune system can increase susceptibility</li> </ul>

Earth absorb radiation from sun, and then try to transmit it back to atmosphere, but atmosphere absorb very selective gas as a result of which the gas radiated get back to earth resulting in increase in temperature.

Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) consists mainly of propane, propylene, butane, and butylene in various mixtures.

The scattering of light takes place when the size of the scattering object is tiny as compared to the wavelength of light.