Consider the following statements regarding the Nebular Hypothesis:
1. The hypothesis considered that the planets were formed out of a cloud of material associated with a youthful sun, which was slowly rotating.
2. Otto Schmidt was the major proponent of Nebular Hypothesis.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

Consider the following statements regarding the Big Bang Theory:
1.  Sir James Jeans and Sir Harold Jeffrey provided the evidence of the Big Bang theory.
2. The theory is also called as expanding universe hypothesis.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding Terrestrial Planets:
1. They have a thick atmosphere, mostly of helium and hydrogen.
2. They are made up of rock and metals and have relatively high densities.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

Which of the following conditions correctly differentiates between the Terrestrial and the Jovian planets?
1. The Jovian Planets were formed in the close vicinity of the parent star whereas Terrestrial Planets were formed at quite a distant location.
2. The terrestrial planets are bigger than Jovian planets.

‘The Big Splat’ theory describes the formation of the:

Consider the following description:
“In 1900, a theory of the origin of the earth was developed. It considered that a wandering star approached the sun. As a result, a cigar-shaped extension of the material was separated from the solar surface. As the passing star moved away, the material separated from the solar surface continued to revolve around the sun and it slowly condensed into planets.”
Which of the following theories is discussed in the above-given passage?

Consider the following statements with respect to the evolution of lithosphere:
1. It is through the process of differentiation that the earth forming material got separated into different layers.
2. From the crust to the core, the density of the material decreases.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following best explains the concept of ‘DEGASSING’?

Consider the following statements regarding the evolution of atmosphere:
1. The early atmosphere largely contained water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and very little of free oxygen.
2. Water vapour in the atmosphere was a result of volcanic eruptions.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Arrange the following stages of the evolution of the earth’s atmosphere in chronological order:
1. Process of photosynthesis
2. Loss of primordial atmosphere
3. Hot gases outpoured from the interior
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements regarding Interior of the Earth:
1. The density of mantle is higher than the outer core.
2. Core of the earth is considered the main source of magma.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Two places situated on the same isogonic line in a world map, will have the same:

Consider the following statements:
1. Direct rays of the sun fall on the equator on 21st June.
2. Winter solstice is seen in the Southern hemisphere on 21st December.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the time measured on the earth’s zero-degree line of longitude or meridian. Through which of the following countries does this ‘GMT’ line passes?
1. France
2. Spain
3. Algeria
4. Niger
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements regarding the interior structure of the earth:
1. The outer core is in solid state while the inner core is in liquid state.
2. The upper portion of the mantle is called asthenosphere.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

What is asthenosphere?

Consider the following pairs of discontinuities and its location between the layers of earth:
1. Moho Discontinuity: Mantle – Core
2. Lehmann Discontinuity: Crust – Mantle
3. Repetti Discontinuity: Outer core – Inner core
4. Guttensberg Discontinuity: Upper Mantle –Lower Mantle

Consider the following about the interior of the earth:
1. Volcanic eruptions are indirect source of information about the interior of the earth.
2. Earthquakes are indirect source of information about the interior of the earth.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

The most explosive of the earth’s volcanic eruptions are known as:

Match the following:
Types of minerals Name of the minerals
A. Non-metallic 1. Kyanite
B. Metallic 2. Gypsum
C. Refractory 3. Asbestos
D. Fertilizer 4. Wolfram
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A B C D

Arrange the following elements in the ascending order on the basis of their proportion in the composition of earth’s crust:
1. Iron
2. Silicon
3. Oxygen
4. Nitrogen
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

How is Feldspar different from Pyroxene?
1. Pyroxene has larger share than the Feldspar in the composition of earth’s crust.
2. Pyroxene is green or black in colour, while Feldspar is light cream or salmon pink in colour.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which one of the following is not a single element mineral?

Match the following:
Minerals Rock Source
A. Quartz 1. Sand and granite
B. Mica 2. Basaltic Rocks
C. Olivine 3. Igneous and Metamorphic
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A B C

Consider the following statements about metallic and non-metallic minerals:
1. Metallic minerals contain metal content while non-metallic minerals contain less metals content.
2. Cement is a metallic mineral as it contains iron particles.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Match the following:
Rock Type Example
A. Clastic 1. Granite
B. Extrusive 2. Conglomerate
C. Metamorphic 3. Gneiss
D. Plutonic 4. Tuff
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A B C D

Which of the following statements is/are correct about the igneous rocks?
1. It is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
2. Limestone is an example of igneous rock.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Igneous Rocks?
1. The process of cooling and solidification of magma happens either in the earth’s crust or on the surface of the earth.
2. Gabbro, breccia, and tuff are some of the examples of the igneous rocks.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

In the process of converting unconsolidated sediments into sedimentary rocks, which of the following processes it goes through?
1. Compaction
2. Re-crystallization
3. Cementation
4. Weathering
Select the correct answer using the code below:

Match the following:
Rock Sedimentary Type
A. Potash 1. Chemically Formed
B. Shale 2. Mechanically Formed
C. Chalk 3. Organically Formed
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A B C

Minerals are deposited and accumulated in which of the following?

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?
Rock Formation
1. Igneous A. Solidification from magma and lava
2. Sedimentary B. Deposition of fragments of rocks by exogenous processes.
3. Metamorphic C. Recrystallization of existing rocks
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements about metamorphic rocks:
1. Recrystallisation and reorganisation of materials within original rocks form metamorphic rocks.
2. Shale is an example of metamorphic rocks.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following statements is/are correct about the rock cycle?
1. Igneous rocks are primary rocks and other rocks form from these primary rocks.
2. The crustal rocks once formed may be carried down into the mantle through subduction process.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding exogenic geomorphic processes:
1. They obtain their energy from the gradients generated by tectonic factors.
2. Weathering, transportation, and erosion are examples of exogenic processes.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding endogenic processes:
1. The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes.
2. This energy is generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of the earth.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Match the following:
Term Definition
A. Lithification 1. Arrangement of minerals into thin to thick layers appearing in light and dark shades
B. Foliation 2. Turning of fragments into rocks through compaction
C. Banding 3. Arrangement of minerals in layers in metamorphic rocks
Select the correct answer using the code given below
A B C

Consider the following statements regarding the endogenic processes:
1. Epeirogenic processes involve mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust
2. Orogenic processes involve uplift or warping of large parts of earth’s crust.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Physical and Mechanical weathering processes depend on:
1. Gravitational forces such as overburden pressure, load and shearing stress
2. Expansion forces due to temperature changes, crystal growth or animal activity
3. Water pressures controlled by wetting and drying cycles.
Which of the above statements are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding weathering:
1. It is the mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks.
2. It is an ex-situ process.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following forces are responsible for physical weathering?
1. Gravitational force
2. Expansion force due to temperature variation
3. Water pressure
4. Radioactivity
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following pairs regarding the effects of weathering and their results or regions they are associated with:
Effects of Weathering Result
1. Unloading and Expansion Exfoliation domes
2. Salt weathering Granular foliation
3. Frost wedging Glacial regions
Which of the above statements are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding biological weathering:
1. It refers to weathering caused by microorganisms only.
2. Biological weathering agents form weak acids, which can convert some of the minerals to clay.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding mass movements:
1. It essentially happens because of gravitational pull.
2. Weathering is essential for mass movement.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following events with reference to the causes that may lead to mass movements:
1. Removal of support from below to materials above through natural or artificial means.
2. Overfilling through addition of materials by artificial filling or naturally.
3. Event of explosions.
Which of the above statements are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the examples of the types of Mass Movement:
1. Soliɦuction is an example of rapid mass movement.
2. Mud-ɦow is an example of slow mass movement.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Solifluction refers to:

Often, we see fence posts or telephone poles leaning downslope from their vertical position and in their linear alignment. It is due to which type of mass movement?

Consider the following description:
“It occurs in humid regions with or without vegetation cover and occurs in narrow tracks on steep slopes. It can be much faster than the mudɦow.”
Above description accurately refers to which type of rapid mass movement?

Consider the following statements regarding landslides:
1. Slump is slipping of one or several units of rock debris with a backward rotation with respect to slope over which movement takes place.
2. Rapid rolling or sliding of earth debris without backward rotation of mass is known as debris slide.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

In our country, debris avalanche and landslides occur very frequently in the Himalayas. Which one of the following doesn’t account as a reason for it?

Consider the following statements regarding erosional and depositional agents:
1. The erosion, transportation and deposition of earth materials is brought about by wind, running water, glaciers, waves and ground water.
2. Glaciers are more effective erosional agent than wind.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following seismic waves are body waves?
1. Primary waves
2. Secondary waves
3. Love waves
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to Primary waves (P-waves), consider the following statements:
1. P-waves move the fastest and are the first to arrive at the surface.
2. These waves can travel only through solid materials.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

With reference to Epicenter, consider the following statements:
1. The point on the surface, nearest to the focus, is called epicenter.
2. It is the first one to experience the earthquake waves.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about seismic waves:
1. P – wave shadow zone lies between 104 to 142 degrees.
2. S – wave shadow zone lies between 103 to 142 degrees.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

With reference to Shadow Zone, consider the following statements:
1. It is a specific area on the earth’s surface where the seismic waves are reported.
2. For each earthquake there exists an altogether different shadow zone.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Earthquake waves get recorded in seismographs located at far off locations. However, there exist some specific areas where the waves are not reported. Such a zone is called as:

Consider the following statements with respect to the types of earthquakes:
1. Explosion earthquakes occur in the areas of intense mining activity.
2. Ground shaking may also occur due to the explosion of chemical or nuclear devices. Such tremors are called collapse earthquakes.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Earthquake is a natural hazard. Which of the following are the immediate effects of earthquake?
1. Differential ground settlement
2. Soil liquefaction
3. Ground lurching
4. Avalanches
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

The earthquake events are scaled either according to the magnitude or intensity of the shock. Consider the following statements in this regard:
1. The magnitude scale is known as the Richter scale wherein the magnitude relates to the energy released during the quake.
2. The intensity scale is known as the Mercalli scale which takes into account the visible damage caused by the event.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect

Consider the following statements regarding Earthquake Waves:
1. All natural earthquakes take place in the asthenosphere.
2. Body waves are faster than Surface waves and arrive first at the Surface hence they are more damaging than surface waves.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

Consider the following statements regarding Body Waves:
1. The velocity and density changes as the Body waves travel through materials of different densities that helps in understanding the structure of Earth’s interior.
2. Surface wave is a type of Body wave.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements with respect to volcanic eruption:
1. The material in the upper mantle portion is called lava.
2. Once it starts moving towards the crust or it reaches the surface, it is referred to as magma.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

Consider the following statements:
1. Composite Volcanoes are characterized by eruptions of cooler and more viscous lavas than basalt.
2 The Hawaiian volcanoes are the most famous examples of Composite Volcanoes.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements:
1. Flood basalt provinces volcanoes outpour highly fluid lava that flows for long distances.
2. The Deccan Traps covering most of the Maharashtra plateau, are example of flood basalt province.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

The volcanoes that occur in the oceanic areas are known as:

Consider the following statements with respect to the volcanic landforms:
1. Batholiths are large body of magmatic material that cools in the deeper depth of the crust develop in the form of large domes.
2. The Karnataka plateau is spotted with domal hills of granite rock are examples of lacoliths.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Match the following:
List I List II
A. Lapoliths 1. It is an example of Flood Basalt Province.
B. Sills 2. A type of intrusive volcanic landforms having saucer shape.
C. Dykes 3. A vertical wall-like structure that forms after cooling of lava.
D. Deccan Trap 4. A thin horizontal intrusive igneous landform.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A B C D

Which of the following is not an Intrusive Volcanic landform?

With reference to Zealandia, which of the following statements is incorrect?

Which of the following evidences support the Continental Drift Theory?
1. Matching of Africa and South America continents.
2. Rocks of the same age across the oceans
3. Absences of source rock in the region of rich placer deposits
4. Distribution of fossils
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements regarding ‘Continental Drift Theory’ suggested by Alfred Wegener:
1. He named super-continent as Pangaea, which meant all earth.
2. Pangaea broke into three large continental masses as Laurasia, Gondwanaland, and Panthalassa.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

With reference to the theory of Isostasy, consider the following statements:
1. It is based on the opposing influence of two main forces i.e. Buoyancy and Gravity
2. It is the state of gravitational equilibrium between earth’s crust and core.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the sea floor spreading theory:
1. The theory was proposed by Harry Hess.
2. One of the assumptions made is that spreading of one ocean causes the shrinking of the other.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following forces, according to Alfred Wegener, were responsible for the drifting of the continents?

Consider the following statements about the Convectional Current Theory:
1. Convection currents are generated due to radioactive elements causing thermal differences in the inner core portion of the earth.
2. These convection currents spread from core to the mantle portion resulting in the force for the drift of the continents.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following plates can be categorized as the major plates?
1. Antarctica and Pacific plate
2. North American Plate
3. Arabian Plate
4. Caroline Plate
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Match the following:
Minor Tectonic Plates Extension
A. Cocos plate 1. Between South America and Pacific plate
B. Nazca plate 2. Between Central America and Pacific plate
C. Arabian plate 3. Mostly the Saudi Arabian landmass
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A B C

Which of the following statements is/are correct about the divergent plate boundaries?
1. Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of divergent plate.
2. New Crust is created when plates pull apart from each other.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements about the convergent boundaries as per plate tectonics theory:
1. Crust is destroyed when two plates converge.
2. Only convergence of oceanic and continental plates is possible.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following statements is/are correct about the plate movement?
1. The strips of normal and reverse magnetic field that parallel the mid-oceanic ridges help scientists determine the rates of plate movement
2. Convection current is responsible for the movement of the plates.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which of the following physiographic features are formed due to collision of Continental plates on the Earth’s surface?
1. The Alps
2. The Himalayas
3. The Rockies
4. The Caucasus Mountains
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding variation of biodiversity over Earth’s surface?

Which of the following best explains the landforms ‘Mesas and Buttes’?

Consider the following statements regarding Pediments and Pediplains:
1. Pediments are formed by lateral erosion by combined action of wind and streams.
2. Pediplains are fluvial landforms which are found in the foot of hills in desert while pediments are low-lying reliefs found in deserts.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding erosional desert landforms:
1. Playas are shallow lakes formed at the centre of basin surrounded from all sides by uplands.
2. Deflation hollows are shallow depressions formed due to persistent movement of wind currents in a particular direction.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding different erosional fluvial landforms:
1. Mushroom rocks are formed due to equivalent erosional action of winds at different level from earth’s surface.
2. When the top of a mushroom rocks carved out as square then it is called pedestal rock.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding depositional landforms in deserts:
1. Barchans are parabolic shaped sand dunes found in desert.
2. Longitudinal dunes are formed when supply of sand blowing in the region is good and wind direction is not constant.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

Which of the following statements is correct regarding Loess?

Meanders are formed in which of the following course of the river?
1. Mountain course
2. Middle course
3. Lower course
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements regarding erosional landforms created by rivers:
1. Canyon is an extreme type of V-shaped valley with the very steep sides and no valley floor.
2. Grand Canyon is associated with the Colorado River.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following landforms are formed by river streams during their youth stage?
1. V-Shaped valleys
2. Rapids
3. Waterfalls
4. Oxbow lakes
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which of the following are the erosional landforms formed by running water?
1. Potholes and Plunge Pools
2. River Terraces
3. Floodplains
4. Sinkholes
5. Incised meanders
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Which of the following statements is/are correct with reference to meandering of rivers?
1. It is a channeled pattern formed over floodplains and delta plains.
2. Its formations depend upon the propensity of water flowing, unconsolidated nature of alluvial deposits and Coriolis Force.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following landforms:
1. Natural levees and point bars are the erosional landforms associated with floodplains.
2. Point bars are the sediments deposited on the convex side of meanders of large rivers.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following are erosional features in a fluvial landscape?
1. River terrace
2. Incised Meander
3. Fans
4. Deltas
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which of the following is not a feature of karsts landforms?

Which of the following statements is/are correct with reference to Karst topography?
1. It is a result of the action of groundwater through the processes of solution and deposition.
2. It is a dominant feature of the limestone regions.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Which one of the following sentences best defines the term ‘Uvalas’?

Consider the following landforms:
1. A stalagmite is a mineral formation that has its base on the ceiling of a cave whereas stalactites rise up from the ɦoor of the caves.
2. Stalagmites and stalactites are the depositional landforms of groundwater.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the continental glaciers:
1. A thick ice sheet covering a vast area of land is called a continental glacier.
2. Continental glaciers build up at the centre and move outward in all directions.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the Valley Glaciers:
1. When a mass of ice from the high mountainous regions starts moving down into the pre-existing valleys, it is called a valley glacier.
2. Siachen Glacier lies in the Pir Panjal Range of Himalayas.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the following landforms is/are created by glacial erosion?
1. Cirque
2. ‘U’ shaped valley
3. Hanging Valley
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements regarding the Hanging Valley:
1. The Hanging Valley of the tributary glacier looks like hanging downwards at the point of its confluence with the main valley.
2. When the ice melts in the hanging valley, a waterfall is formed at the point of confluence of this stream with the main river.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the Erosional Landforms formed by glaciers:
1. Horns are formed by lateral erosion of the Cirque walls by glaciers.
2. Serrated Ridges or Arêtes are formed by the erosion of headwall of Cirques.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

Consider the following statements regarding the Glacial Valleys and Troughs:
1. Glacial Valleys contain moraines, hanging valleys and are swampy in appearance.
2. Fiords are shallow depressions found alongside glacial valleys.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

When the glacier melts or retreats, it deposits its load of different parts and the deposited debris called moraines. Consider the following statements regarding different types of moraines:
1. Moraines thus formed on the confluence of two glaciers are called terminal moraines.
2. When the glacier melts, the debris is deposited at the end of the valley glacier in the form of a ridge called lateral moraine.
3. The moraine which is deposited on either side of a glacier is called medial moraine.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?