Paper– IV (General Studies- II: Science, Aptitude and Environment)

Part 01: General Science (75 Marks)

Chemistry

Rate of chemical reaction and chemical equilibrium: Preliminary knowledge of rate of chemical reaction. Fast and slow chemical reactions

2022

1. Define the ‘reaction rate constant’. (02 marks)

‘अभिक्रिया दर नियतांक’ को परिभाषित कीजिये। (02 अंक)

2. What do you stand by chemical equilibrium? Describe it in brief. (02 marks)

रासायनिक साम्य से आप क्या समझते हैं? इसका संक्षिप्त वर्णन कीजिये। (02 अंक)

2021

1. What is meant by rate of a chemical reaction? What is its unit? (02 marks)

रासायनिक अभिक्रिया की दर से क्या तात्पर्य है? इसका मात्रक क्या है? (02 अंक)

2. Define chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant. (02 marks)

रासायनिक साम्यावस्था एवं साम्य स्थिरांक को परिभाषित कीजिए। (02 अंक)

2020

1.Explain chemical equilibrium with example. Write the effect of different factors on equilibrium constant. (8 marks)

रासायनिक संतुलन को उदाहरण सहित समझाइए। संतुलन स्थिरांक पर विभिन्न कारकों के प्रभाव लिखिए। (8 अंक)

2017

1.       Define acids and bases according to Bronsted-Lowry definition. Give one example of each. (2 marks)

2.       What do you understand by rate of chemical reaction?  Give its unit. (2 marks)

2016br

1.       How is acidic and basic nature of solutions expressed in specific terms? (2 marks)

2.       What do you understand by slow and fast reactions? Explain with suitable examples. Describe the factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction. (10 marks)

2015

1.       What do you mean by chemical equilibrium? Describe its characteristics. Explain the effect of pressure, temperature and concentration on the equilibrium of the following reactions: (10 marks)

2014

1.       Give two examples each of reversible and irreversible reactions. (2 marks)

2013

1.       Define rate of chemical reaction. (2 marks)

2012

1.       Explain important factors which influence the rate of a reaction. (4 marks)

• Metals: Position of metals in the periodic table and general properties. Metal, mineral ore; Difference between mineral and ore
• Metallurgy: concentration, roasting, smelting, refining of ores. Metallurgy of copper and Iron; Corrosion of metals; Alloys

2022

1. What is dry corrosion? (02 marks)

शुष्क संक्षारण क्या है? (02 अंक)

2. What is corrosion of metals? Explain it with examples. How can it be prevented? (04 marks)

धातुओं का संक्षारण क्या है? इसे एक उदाहरण सहित समझाईए। इसकी रोकथाम कैसे की जा सकती है? (04 अंक)

3. Describe the metallurgy of copper. (15 marks)

तांबे के धातुकर्म का वर्णन कीजिए।(15 अंक)

2021

What are alloys? Write the composition of brass and bronze. (02 marks)

मिश्र धातुएँ क्या हैं? पीतल एवं कांसा का संघटन लिखिए। (02 अंक)

2020

1. Discuss briefly about non-metal elements. (2 marks)

अधातु तत्वों के बारे में संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिये । (2 अंक)

2. What is dry corrosion? (4 marks)

शुष्क जंग क्या है? (4 अंक)

3. Describe the position of metals in the modern periodic table and their general properties. (15 marks)

आधुनिक आवर्त सारणी में धातुओं की स्थिति और उनके सामान्य गुणों का वर्णन कीजिए। (15 अंक)

2018

1.       Define alloy and amalgam and give two examples of both. (2 marks)

2.       Explain the differences among caste iron, rough iron and steel. (2 marks)

3.       Illustrate with examples roasting and calcinations. (4 marks)

4.       Describe the reaction occurring in blast furnace during extraction of Iron. (8 marks)

2017

1.       Define and differentiate between minerals and ores. (2 marks)

2016

1.       How impurity of silicate from iron ore is removed in blast furnace? Explain it with chemical reaction. (2 marks)

2.       How the iron ore is concentrated? Explain. (4 marks)

2015

1.       Define Alloy and give its two examples. (2 marks)

2.       Write the names of two important ores of iron and describe its method of extraction giving chemical equations. (10 marks)

3.       Describe the position of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals in the periodic table. Comment on the nature of their oxides and hydroxides. Explain the diagonal relationship between lithium and magnesium. (8 marks)

2014

1.       Define metals and non-metals with examples. (2 marks)

2.       What do you understand by smelting and roasting of ore?  (2 marks)

3.       Define corrosion of metals. Describe two methods for the protection from corrosion. (4 marks)

2012

1.       Differentiate between ore and mineral. (2 marks)

2.       How electro-negativity changes in a group and period in periodic table? (4 marks)

3.       Write name and formula of two ores of copper. (2 marks)

4.       Describe in detail the extraction of copper from copper pyrite. (12 marks)

5.       How copper reacts with the following (Give balanced equations): Dilute nitric acid, Concentrate nitric acid (6 marks)

• Nonmetals: Position of nonmetals in the periodic table and general Properties
• Some important organic compounds, some general artificial polymers, polythene, polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, soap and detergents

2022

1. What are polymers? Classified polymers with examples in brief on different aspects. (08 marks)

बहुलक क्या होते हैं? उदाहरण सहित संक्षेप मे विभिन्न आधाओं पर बहुलकों का वर्गीकरण कीजिए। (08 अंक)

2021

1. What are synthetic detergents? Give an example each of cationic and anionic detergents. Why are detections considered better than soaps? (04 marks)

संश्लिष्ट अपमार्जनक क्या हैं? धनायनी एवं ऋणायनी अपमार्जकों का एक-एक उदाहरण दें। अपमार्जकों क साबुनों से बेहतर क्यों माना जाता है? (04 अंक)

2. What are alcohols? Write chemical reactions for the preparation of primary secondary and tertiary alcohols using Grignard’s reagent, C2H5MgBr. (08 marks)

एल्कोहोल क्या हैं? ग्रिगनार्ड अभिकर्मक C2H5MgBr का उपयोग करते हुये प्राथमिक, द्वितीय एवं तृतीय अलकोहोलों के निर्माण की रासायनिक अभिक्रियाएँ लिखें। (08 अंक)

3. Discuss halogen element with reference to the following: (15 marks)

1. Position in periodic table
2. Physical state of elements
3. Electron gain enthalpy
4. Electro negativity
5. Formation of inter halogen compounds

हैलोजन तत्वों को निम्न के संदर्भ मे समझाईए: (15 अंक)

1. आवर्त सारणी मे स्थान
2. तत्वों की भौतिक अवस्था
3. इलेक्ट्रॉन लब्धि एन्थैल्पी
4. विद्युत-ऋणात्मकता
5. अंतर-हैलोजन यौगिकों का निर्माण

2020

1. What is soap? Write the substances used in preparation of soap. (2 marks)

साबुन क्या है? साबुन बनाने में प्रयुक्त होने वाले पदार्थों को लिखिए। (2 अंक)

2. What is detergent? Giving an example explain how it is superior to soap. (4 marks)

डिटर्जेंट क्या है? एक उदाहरण देते हुए समझाइए कि यह साबुन से किस प्रकार श्रेष्ठ है। (4 अंक)

2018

1.       What is thermoplastic? Write the structure and uses of polythene polymers. (2 marks)

2017

1.       What are soap and detergents? Give the types of detergents. Why detergents are considered to have better cleansing action as compared to soap. (4 marks)

2015

1.       Write the structure and uses of Teflon polymer. (2 marks)

2.       What do you meant by polymer and polymerization? Give the method of preparation and structure of the following: Rubber, PVC, Polythene (10 marks)

2013

1.       What is the difference between soap and detergent? (2 marks)

2.       Write structure and uses of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC). (2 marks)               

3.       Write classification of polymer on the basis of structure with example. (4 marks)

Physics

Light: nature of light reflection of light, laws of reflection, reflection from plane and curved surface, image formation by plane convex and concave mirror, relation between focal length and radius of curvature

2022

1. Explain the applications of concave mirror. (02 marks)

अवतल दर्पण के उपयोग समझाईए। (02 अंक)

2. Draw ray diagrams of images formed by reflection of light from concave and convex surfaces. (04 marks)

अवतल एवं उत्तल सतहों से प्रकाश के परावर्तन से बने प्रतिबिंबों का रेखाचित्र बनाइये। (04 अंक)

3. Differentiate between the images formed by Plain Mirror, Concave Mirror and Convex Mirror at different positions. (08 marks)

समतल दर्पण, अवतल दर्पण तथा उत्तल दर्पण से विभिन्न स्थितियों मे बने प्रतिबिंबों मे अंतर लिखिए। (08 अंक)

2021

1. Define relation between focal length and radius of curvature. (02 marks)

फोकस दूरी और वक्रता टिज्या के बीच संबंध को परिभाषित कीजिए। (02 अंक)

2. Define the law of reflection. How reflection from curved surface is different from reflection from the plane surface? Which type of mirror will be used in the following situations? Support your answer with reasons: (15 marks)

1. Solar furnace
2. Rear view mirror of vehicle
3. Headlight of car

परावर्तन के नियम को परिभाषित कीजिए। किसी वक्र सतह से परावर्तन किसी समतल सतह से परावर्तन से कैसे भिन्न है? निम्न स्थितियों मे किस प्रकार के दर्पण का उपयोग किसया जाएगा? उत्तर की कारण सहित पुष्टि कीजिए: (15 अंक)

1. सौर भट्टी
2. किसी वाहन का पश्च-दृश्य दर्पण
3. किसी कार का हेड लाईट

2020

1. Write the applications of concave mirror. (2 marks)

अवतल दर्पण के अनुप्रयोग लिखिए। (2 अंक)

2018

1.       Write the laws of reflection of light. (2 marks)

2.       What are basic properties of light? (any four) (2 marks)

2017

1.       Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles? (2 marks)

2016

1.       Write two characteristics of an image formed by plane mirror. (2 marks)

2.       Define first and second principal focus of any lens with ray diagram. (10 marks)

2015

1.       Mention two uses of convex mirror. (2 marks)

2013

1.       Mention two uses of concave mirror. (2 marks)

2.       Show with the help of ray diagram, the formation of image by a convex lens, when the object is at: 2F, F (4 marks)

• Causes of origin of energy in the Sun; Electric discharge in gases;
• Photo electric effect, Solar Cell, Structure, PN Junction Diode

2021

1. Write the application of PN junction diode. (02 marks)

PN संधि डायोड की उपयोगिताएँ लिखिए। (02 अंक)

2. How photoelectric effect is the basis for working on Solar Cell? Explain. Draw the structure of Solar Cell. (08 marks)

प्रकाश-विद्युत प्रभाव किसी सोलर सेल की कार्यविधि का आधार कैसे है? समझाइए। सोलर सेल की संरचना बनाइए। (08 अंक)

2020

1. Explain electric discharge in gases. (2 marks)

गैसों में विद्युत निर्वहन को समझाइए। (2 अंक)

2. Describe the experimental arrangement for study of photoelectric effect. Explain the effect of intensity of light on photoelectric current. (8 marks)

प्रकाश-विद्युत प्रभाव के अध्ययन की प्रायोगिक व्यवस्था का वर्णन कीजिए। प्रकाश विद्युत धारा पर प्रकाश की तीव्रता के प्रभाव की व्याख्या कीजिए। (8 अंक)

3. What is solar cell? Describe the construction and working method of P-N junction solar cell. Write the name of materials used to prepare solar cell. What are the uses of solar cell? (15 marks)

सौर सेल क्या है? पी-एन जंक्शन सौर सेल की निर्माण और कार्य पद्धति का वर्णन कीजिये । सोलर सेल बनाने में प्रयुक्त होने वाले पदार्थों के नाम लिखिए। सौर सेल के उपयोग क्या हैं? (15 अंक)

2018

1.       Write the principle of Photo voltaic cell. (2 marks)

2.       What is semi-conductor? Explain the construction and working of a p-n diode. (8 marks)

3.       What is photo-electric effect? Write the laws of photo-electric effect and explain Einstein equation, threshold frequency and work function. Write the uses of photo-electric effect. (15 marks)

2017

1.       What do you understand by Cathode Rays? State any four properties of Cathode Rays. (4 marks)

2016

1.       What is energy source of the Sun? Describe.

2.       Explain the properties and applications of X-rays. (4 marks)

2015

1.       What is meant by cathode rays? How they are produced? Write six characteristics of it. (10 marks)

2013

1.       What is nuclear fusion? What is thermo nuclear fusion? (4 marks)

Electricity and its effects: electric intensity, potential, potential difference, electric current Ohm’s law. Resistance specific resistance, influencing factors, combination of resistance and related numerical examples thermal effect of current its use, calculation of power and electrical energy spent (numerical), precautions observed in electric experiments.

2022

1. Define ‘kilo-watt-hour (kWh). (02 marks)

‘किलो-वाट-घंटा (kWh)’ को परिभाषित कीजिये। (02 अंक)

2. Using laws of combination of resistances calculate the equivalent resistance between A and B ends on the given figure: (04 marks)

प्रतिरोधों के संयोजन के नियमों का उपयोग कर चित्रा मे A तथा B सिरों के बीच समतुल्य प्रतिरोध की गणना कीजिए: (04 अंक)

2021

1. What are the factors influencing specific resistance? (02 marks)

विशिष्ट प्रतिरोध को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक कौन-कौन से हैं?(02 अंक)

2. Find the equivalent resistance between point A and point B in the following figure: (04 marks)

निम्नांकित चित्रा मे बिन्दु A और बिन्दु B के बीच का तुल्य प्रतिरोध ज्ञात कीजिए: (04 अंक)

2018

1.       Write the laws of combination of resistance and obtain formulae for equivalent resistance. (4 marks)

2.       Define intensity of electric field. What is its unit? If the distance between two plates is 4 cm and potential difference between them is 12 volt; calculate the intensity of electric field between plates. (4 marks)

2017

1.       What are the factors on which the resistance depends? Define specific resistance. (2 marks)

2016

1.       Three resistances each of 2 ohm are connected as shown in figure. Determine the equivalent resistance between A and C. (2 marks)

2015

1.       What is meant by electric potential? State whether it is scalar or vector. (2 marks)

2.       Explain electric power and energy consumed in electric with their SI Unit. What is one kilowatt hour (1 unit) energy? (8 marks)

2014

1.       Define specific resistance. What is its unit in SI System? (2 marks)

2013

1.       Give the frequency range of X-rays. Mention two properties of X-rays. (2 marks)

2012

1.       What is Ohm’s Law? (2 marks)

2.       An electrical kettle rated at 220V, 2.2kW works for 3 hours. Find the energy consumed and the current drawn. (4 marks)

Biology

Transport:  Transport of mineral and water in plants and animals (in context of human being). structure and function of blood, Structure and working of heart (preliminary knowledge)

2021

1. What are the functions of blood in human body? (02 marks)

मानव शरीर मे रुधिर के क्या-क्या कार्य हैं? (02 अंक)

2. Home minerals are transported in plants? (02 marks)

पौधों मे खनिज लवण का परिवहन कैसे होता है? (02 अंक)

2020

1. Explain the transport of mineral salts in plants. (8 marks)

पौधों में खनिज लवणों के परिवहन की व्याख्या कीजिए। (8 अंक)

2018

1.       With the help of labeled diagram, describe the structure and working of human heart. (15 marks)

2016

1.       Which part of the heart is called ‘pacemaker’ and why? (4 marks)

2.       What is the role of diaphragm in breathing? (8 marks)

2013

1.       Describe briefly the blood groups in human beings. (4 marks)

2.       Describe the composition and functions of blood. (20 marks)

2012

1.       Differentiate between an artery and a vein. (2 marks)

2.       Describe the structure of human heart. Discuss heart beating also. (40 marks)

Photosynthesis: Definition, main steps of the process. Light reaction and dark reaction

2022

Define transpiration and write its importance. (02 marks)

‘वाष्पोत्सर्जन’ को परिभाषित कीजिये तथा इसके महत्व का उल्लेख कीजिये। (02 अंक)

2021

What is photosynthesis? What are the main steps of this process? (04 marks)

प्रकाश-संश्लेषण क्या है? इस प्रक्रिया के प्रमुख पद क्या हैं? (02 अंक)

2018

1.       Differentiate between C3 and C4 cycles of carbon fixation. (4 marks)

2017

1.       Cyclic and non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation. (8 marks)

2016

1.       Write names of four main factors which influence photosynthesis. (2 marks)

2015

1.       What is CO2 compensation point in photosynthesis? (2 marks)

2.       Write notes on the following: C3 and C4 Cycles in photosynthesis. (4 marks)

2014

1.       How do you prove that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis? (2 marks)

2013

1.       What is the role of light reaction in photosynthesis? (2 marks)

2012

1.       How will you prove that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis? (2 marks)

Respiration: Definition, breathing and respiration, Types of respiration, Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, respiratory organs of animals; Respiratory system of human being and mechanism of respiration (general information)

2018

1.       Describe human respiratory organ with the help of a diagram. (8 marks)

2017

1.       Define Anaerobic Respiration. (2 marks)

2.       What is Myocardial Infarction? Describe briefly its treatment. (4 marks)

3.       Coagulation of blood (4 marks)

2016

1.       What are the various organs of respiratory system? How respiration occurs in human? (10 marks)

Animal nutrition: Human digestive system and digestive process (general information)

2021

What are major components of human digestive system? (04 marks)

मनुष्य पाचन तंत्र के मुख्य अंग कौन-कौन से हैं? (04 अंक)

2017

1.       What is digestion? Describe the digestion of carbohydrates, protein and lipids in alimentary canal of human beings and also its absorption process. (20 marks)

2013

1.       What is digestion? Describe the role of enzymes in digestive process in human digestive system. (8 marks)

2012

1.       Describe the structure of respiratory system of human beings in brief. Explain breathing mechanism also. (4 marks)

• Control and coordination: Nervous system of human being. Structure and function of human Brain and spinal cord
• Coordination in plants and animals: phyto-hormones, endocrine glands hormone and their function.

2022

Describe different parts of human brain and their functions. (04 marks)

मानव मस्तिष्क के विभिन्न भागों और उनके कार्यों का उल्लेख कीजिए।(04 अंक)

2021

Draw the structure of spinal cord of even body and label its major components. How human nervous system is related to spinal cord? (08 marks)

मानव शरीर की मेरुरज्जु की संरचना बनाईए तथा इसके प्रमुख अंगों को चिन्हाकित कीजिए।मनुष्य कतंत्रिका तंत्र मेरुरज्जु से कैसे संबन्धित है? (08 अंक)

2020

1. Write down the different parts of Human Brain. (4 marks)

मानव मस्तिष्क के विभिन्न भागों को लिखिए। (4 अंक)

2018

1.       Describe briefly the structure of a neuron or nerve cell. (2 marks)

2017

1.       Dysfunction of which endocrine gland leads to diabetes and why? (2 marks)

2015

1.       Where is thyroid gland located in human being? Describe the hormone secreted by it and its control. (2 marks)

2.       Write about the source and function of any two of the following phyto-hormones: Auxins, Gibberlins, Cytokinins (8 marks)

3.        Write notes on the following: reflex action and its mechanism (10 marks)

2014

1.       Describe briefly that Hypothalmo-hypophyseal system is leader of endocrine orchestra. Illustrate the main hormonal functions of various endocrine glands. (20 marks)

2013

1.       Name a gland which serves both as exocrine and endocrine gland and describe its functions briefly in human beings. (2 marks)

2012

1.       Name the largest exocrine gland and describe its functions in human beings. (2 marks)

• Reproduction and growth: type of reproduction, Asexual reproduction: fission, budding, regeneration, vegetative reproduction, layering, cutting, grafting, Porthenogenesis; Sexual reproduction in plants, structure of flower and reproduction process (general information), pollination fertilization;
• Human reproductive system and reproduction process (general information)

2022

1. What is parthenogenesis? Explain it briefly. (02 marks)

अनिषेक-जनन क्या है? इसकी संक्षिप्त व्याख्या कीजिये। (02 अंक)

2. Describe the stages after pollination up to fertilisation in angiosperms. (04 marks)

आवृतबीजी पौधों मे परागण के उपरांत निषेचन तक की अवस्थाओं का वर्णन कीजिए। (04 अंक)

3. What are phyto-hormones? Describe the importance of auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin in the growth of plants. (08 marks)

पादप-होर्मोंस क्या होते हैं? पौधों की वृद्धि मे ऑक्सिन, जिब्बेरिलीन तथा साइटोकाइनिन के महतवा बताइए। (08 अंक)

4. Describe different types and methods of pollination and flowering plants. (15 marks)

पुष्पी पौधों मे परागण के विभिन्न प्रकार और विधियों का वर्णन कीजिए। (15 अंक)

2021

What do you understand by Artificial Vegetative Reproduction? Write down about various techniques of Artificial Vegetative Reproduction. (04 marks)

कृत्रिम वर्धी प्रजनन से आप क्या समझते हैं? कृत्रिम वर्धी प्रजनन के विभिन्न टकनिकियों के बारे मे बताइए। (04 अंक)

2020

1. Explain pollination. (2 marks)

परागण को समझाइए। (2 अंक)

2. Draw a labeled diagram of human sperm. (2 marks)

मानव शुक्राणु का नामांकित चित्र बनाइए। (2 अंक)

3. Mention the components of DNA. (2 marks)

डीएनए के घटकों का उल्लेख कीजिए। (2 अंक)

4. Describe the process of fertilization in plants. (4 marks)

पौधों में निषेचन की प्रक्रिया का वर्णन कीजिए। (4 अंक)

2018

1.       What is grafting? How it is done in plants? (2 marks)

2.       What is polyembryony? Explain it with examples. (2 marks)

2017

1.       Vegetative reproduction in terms of layering. (2 marks)

2016

1.       What is cross pollination? Explain various modes of the same. (4 marks)

2.       Make a well labeled diagram of a flower. Write about the functions of different parts of flower. (10 marks)

2015

1.       Describe briefly the mechanism of double fertilization found in plants. (4 marks)

2014

1.       Define and explain briefly the process of Partheno genesis with examples. (2 marks)

2.       Describe the structure of female reproductive parts of a flower. (2 marks)

2013

1.       What is vegetative reproduction? Describe briefly its various types. (4 marks)

2012

1.       What is pollination? How many types of it are? Explain. (2 marks)

Heredity and evolution: heredity and variation. Fundamental basis of heredity chromosome and DNA (preliminary information)

2022

Write the components of DNA? What is the importance of DNA? (02 marks)

DNA के घटकों का उल्लेख कीजिये। DNA का क्या महत्व है? (02 अंक)

2018

1.       Describe Mendel’s law of inheritance. (4 marks)

2017

1.       Describe the structure and significance of DNA. (20 marks)

2016

1.       What are polytene chromosomes? Where are they found? What are their puffed areas called? (2 marks)

2015

1.       Define chromosome theory of heredity. (2 marks)

All subjects Topic-wise Mains Papers