The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) was launched in 2015 to empower non-corporate, non-farm small and micro enterprises by providing loans of up to ₹10 lakh. The loan limit was increased from to ₹20 lakh during the Union Budget 2024-25 w.e.f October 24, 2024.

The biological classification system organizes living organisms into a hierarchical structure.
Species: A species is a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. They share fundamental similarities in their characteristics.

Nilgiri hills

Tropical regions, located near the equator, experience warm temperatures, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. These conditions create a favorable environment for a wide variety of plant and animal species to thrive. The greater availability of resources and stable climate contribute to higher biodiversity in tropical regions compared to temperate or polar regions.

Genus: Panthera
Species:
Panthera uncia (Snow Leopard)
Panthera tigris (Tiger)
Panthera onca (Jaguar)
Panthera pardus (Leopard)
Panthera leo (Lion)

Manufactured goods

Indo Greek Art

Article 32

ANNA DARPAN is a new digital platform that will replace FCI’s old system, the Depot Online System. It uses advanced technology to make managing food supply chains (like mandis, mills, and depots) smoother and more efficient.

The dielectric constant (ε), also known as relative permittivity, is a dimensionless quantity. It represents the ratio of the permittivity of a medium to the permittivity of free space. Since it’s a ratio of two permittivities, its dimensions are M⁰L⁰T⁰.

The Devnimori Stupa, an important Buddhist archaeological site, is located in the Aravali range near the village of Devnimori in the Sabarkantha district of Gujarat.

PM-AASHA (Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan) is a comprehensive scheme launched by the Indian government to ensure a fair and remunerative price for farmers’ produce.

Kadars are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) primarily found in the southern Indian state of Kerala.

Paramagnetic substances are weakly attracted to a magnetic field due to randomly spin oriented unpaired electrons. Cu²⁺ (copper ion) is a paramagnetic substance.
Ferromagnetic substances are strongly attracted to a magnetic field due to spin aligned unpaireed electrons. Gd (Gadolinium) is a ferromagnetic substance.

Nana Saheb and Begum Hazrat Mahal

The Ahar culture, also known as the Banas culture is a Chalcolithic archaeological culture on the banks of the Ahar River of southeastern Rajasthan contemporary and adjacent to the Indus Valley civilization. Situated along the Banas and Berach Rivers, as well as the Ahar River, the Ahar–Banas people were exploiting the copper ores of the Aravalli Range to make axes and other artefacts.

Since 1950 India has had 8 deputy prime ministers. See list.

The 10th Asia-Pacific Deaf Games were held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from December 1–8, 2024. India received 5th rank in it.

Article 75(5)

Primary Producer

Abdur Razzaq was a Persian diplomat and historian who visited the Vijayanagara court during the reign of Devraya II in the 15th century.

Cache memory is a small, fast memory that stores frequently accessed data. It speeds up processing by reducing the time it takes to retrieve data from slower main memory. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the main memory used for storing data and instructions currently being processed.

Dhaulagiri is the highest mountain located completely within Nepal.

The Government appointed a Tax Reforms Committee under Prof Raja Chelliah to lay out agenda for reforming India’s tax system during economic liberalization in 1990s.

Article 200 of the Indian Constitution outlines the process for a Bill passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State to be presented to the Governor for assent, who may either:
Assent to the bill.
Withhold assent.
Reserve the bill for consideration by the President.

The High-level Committee on Simultaneous Elections, constituted under the chairmanship of Shri Ram Nath Kovind, former President of India, has proposed simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha, state Assemblies, and local bodies in India.

The other members of the Committee were Shri Amit Shah, Union Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Cooperation, Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad, former Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha, Shri N.K. Singh, former Chairman, 15th Finance Commission, Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap, former Secretary General, Lok Sabha, Shri Harish Salve, Senior Advocate, and Shri Sanjay Kothari, former Chief Vigilance Commissioner. Shri Arjun Ram Meghwal, Minister of State (Independent Charge) Ministry of Law and Justice was a Special Invitee and Dr. Niten Chandra was the Secretary of the HLC.

These priorities covered areas like inclusive development, reaching the last mile, infrastructure and investment, unleashing the potential of human capital, innovation and research and development, and green growth.

The 91st Amendment to the Indian Constitution, enacted in 2003, introduced several changes, including the restriction on the size of the Council of Ministers. It limited the number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, to 15% of the total membership of the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

In Nyaya philosophy, both “Cognition” and “Apprehension” are used as synonyms for knowledge. It places great emphasis on pramana (valid means of knowledge) and the process of acquiring correct knowledge.

Hiravijaya (1526–1595), also known as Muni Hiravijayji and Hiravijay Suri, was a high priest of the Tapa Gaccha monastic order, following the Jain Svetambara tradition. He is known for propounding the Jain philosophy to Mughal Emperor Akbar and turning him towards vegetarianism.

The Census of India classifies urban settlements into six categories based on population size:
Metropolitan City: Population of 1 million (10 lakh) and above.
City: Population between 100,000 and 999,999.
Town: Population between 20,000 and 99,999.
Census Town: A settlement with urban characteristics but not formally notified as a town. Criteria include a population of 5,000 or more, at least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural activities, and a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
Outgrowth: A well-defined urban growth contiguous with a town.
Urban Agglomeration: A continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths, or two or more towns with their outgrowths.

PC Mahalanobis, a renowned statistician, founded the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Kolkata in 1931. Mahalanobis has been considered the father of statistics in India.

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs was set up in 1999. It was created by bifurcating the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment with the aim of providing a more focused approach to the development and welfare of tribal communities in India.

Samudragupta’s mother, Kumaradevi, was a princess from the Lichchavi clan, an ancient republic in the region.

National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was created through the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014 to replace the collegium system with a multi-stakeholder body to appoint judges to the SC and HCs. However, SC ruled it unconstitutional as it violated the Basic Structure Doctrine.
Composition of NJAC:
Chief Justice of India (Chairperson)
Two senior-most SC judges
Union Law Minister
Two eminent persons (selected by PM, CJI, and LoP, with one from SC/ST/OBC/women/minorities)

Odisha is the largest aluminium ore and iron ore producing state in India. Rajasthan has the highest share of limestone production in India. Order of mineral production by share – Odisha (44.11%), Chhattisgarh (17.34%), Rajasthan (14.10%)

The Union Budget presented for 2024-25 projected a fiscal deficit of 4.9% of GDP.

The cycle of twelve links (Nidanas) of Pratityasamutpada include Sanskar which is caused by ignorance.

The Amrita Bazar Patrika was a Bengali newspaper that famously switched to English overnight to avoid the restrictions imposed by the Vernacular Press Act of 1878.

Mitti Cafe is a chain of cafes that are completely managed by people with disabilities and are present in more than 40 locations across India, including The Supreme Court of India.

The sex ration in Daman and Diu is only 618. The national average is 940. Possibly, the main reason is the large number of migratory labour which has increased the population but decreased the sex ratio.

Viveet was a tax specifically levied on pastures in ancient India.

In Jain philosophy, Tatva refers to reality or the fundamental elements that constitute the universe. Jainism recognizes several tattvas, and they are characterized by:
Origination (Utpada): Things come into existence.
Decay (Vyaya): Things undergo change and destruction.
Permanence (Dhruvata): Despite changes, there is an underlying permanence or substance that persists.

Sohrai is basically a festival of livestock, where cows and bulls are worshipped by the villagers.

Article 243J of the Indian Constitution mandates the formation of a State Finance Commission in each state. The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.

The major tributaries of Mahanadi are Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Mand and the Ib joins Mahanadi from left whereas the Ong, the Tel and the Jonk joins it from right.

The solar SEZ in Rajnandgaon is being developed by Lanco Solar Private Ltd.

Chhattisgarh Panchayat Raj Act, 1993
Section 83:- Power of State Government in regard to relief in taxes.
Section 84:- Inspection of works of Panchayats.
Section 88:- Inquiry into affairs of Panchayat
Section 89:- Liability of Panch etc. for loss, misappropriation.

When Shisal leaves are processed, they produce very fine while fibre similar to jute. The craft is practiced in Narayanpur, Kondagaon and Bastar districts.

In 1920, Rajnandgaon Mill Workers, led by Thakur Pyarelal Singh started a strike that lasted more than 37 days. This was India’s first long-term strike and it managed to reduce the worker’s working hours.

Economically Active Population (Labour Force): Persons who were either ‘working’ (or employed) or ‘seeking or available for work’ (or unemployed) constituted the labour force. This is for particular reference period.

To get angry

Chhattisgarh has become the first state in India to link its forest ecosystem to the Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP). Chhattisgarh recorded the highest increase in forest cover in India State of Forest Report 2023, growing by 683.62 sq km. The state’s total forest cover now spans 44.2% of its geographical area.

Green GDP is a modified version of traditional GDP that accounts for the environmental costs of economic activities. It incorporates factors such as natural resource depletion, environmental degradation, and pollution into the economic output, offering a more comprehensive picture of a nation’s true wealth.

According to the World Bank, Green GDP = NDP (Net Domestic Product) − (Cost of Natural Resource Depletion + Cost of Ecosystem Degradation).

India’s first lithium mine is set to open in Katghora, Korba District, following confirmation by the Geological Survey of India on significant deposits.

Kanthi Deul (also Deval), Ratanpur is a Hindu Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located inside Mahamaya Temple Comples Ratanpur.

Shikar Devi is considered the goddess of the hunt, and the Baigas, who traditionally relied on hunting for sustenance, hold her in high regard.

Chhattisgarh Panchayati Raj Act, 1993
Section-61(d) :- Punishment for illegal colonization
Section 64 :- Grant in aid to Panchayat
Section 72 :- Functions of Chief Executive Officer and Secretary.
Section 76 :- District Panchayat Raj Fund

PRASAD (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive) Yojana. This scheme, launched by the Ministry of Tourism, aims to develop and rejuvenate pilgrimage sites across India to enhance the pilgrim experience.

Arpa is a variety of rice, not wheat and Kanishka, Ratan, and Indira Sona are all wheat varieties developed by the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya in Raipur.

All three-Halbi, Khadiya, and Pando are tribal dialects spoken in Chhattisgarh.

Article 243(A): Deals with the Gram Sabha
Article 243(B): Deals with the Constitution of Panchayats.
Article 243(C): Deals with the composition of Panchayats, outlining how members are elected or chosen.

Marathi-language influence can be seen in Khaltahi Chhattisgarhi. Mostly spoken in Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh) and Kabirdham, Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh.

The Stand-Up India Scheme is designed to promote entrepreneurship among Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and women entrepreneurs. It aims to facilitate access to loans and other support for these groups to establish their businesses.

2500-year-old city, situated on the banks of Kharun River was discovered in Tarighat, Durg District of Chhattisgarh.

Bhatha soil also known as Laterite soil, is typically acidic due to the leaching of minerals in hot and humid climates.

Guru Ghasidas Central University in Bilaspur is the first university in Chhattisgarh to be awarded an A++ grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). NAAC is an autonomous body that assesses and accredits higher education institutions in India.

Thebudget 2024-25 is focused on the prosperity for Gareeb, Yuva, Anndata & Naari (GYAN) and stimulating infrastructural growth by increasing capital expenditure, and employment & livelihood promotion for youth of the state.

Baryte, a mineral composed of barium sulfate, is found mainly in Raipur District. The Mangampet deposit in Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh is the single largest barytes deposit in the world.

Phag Sendra, Jeth Hunting, and Magh Hunting are all names or types of hunting rituals practiced by various tribal communities. Bisu Sikror, on the other hand, is a harvest festival.

“Siropav” is a term used in Chhattisgarh and some other regions to refer to a set of traditional clothing items that are presented as a mark of honor or respect.