Rowlatt Act:
• The act officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919 was passed in 1919 by the Imperial Legislative Council.
• It had authorized the British government to arrest anybody suspected of terrorist activities.
• It also authorized the government to detain such people arrested for up to 2 years without trial.
• It empowered the police to search a place without a warrant. It also placed severe restrictions on the freedom of the press.
• The primary intention colonial govt. was to repress the growing nationalist movement in the country.
• The British were also afraid of a Ghadarite revolution in Punjab and the rest of the country.

Article 112: There is a constitutional requirement to present before the Parliament a statement of estimated receipts and expenditures of the government in respect of every financial year.

The Dobson unit (DU) is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of a trace gas, particularly ozone, in a vertical column through the Earth’s atmosphere. One Dobson Unit represents the number of ozone molecules required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.

Majuli is the largest river island in Assam, India. It is bordered by the Brahmaputra River to the South and East, the Subansiri River to the West, and an anabranch of the Brahmaputra River.

Sarais were significant establishments in medieval India, serving as designated resting spots for travelers. Referred to by various names such as sattras, chavadis, caravanserais, and dharamshalas, they were crucial features of the time, offering shelter to those journeying along routes. These travelers primarily included merchants, pilgrims, traders, state officials, and their troops. Typically, sarais were constructed to provide travelers with accommodation for overnight stays.

1. Morley-Minto Reforms (1909): Introduced constitutional reforms in British India, including the idea of separate electorates for Muslims, which significantly impacted the political landscape.
2. Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919): A massacre where British troops, under General Dyer, opened fire on peaceful protestors in Amritsar, killing hundreds. This tragic event intensified India’s struggle for independence.
3. Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931): A political agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and the British Viceroy Lord Irwin, in which Gandhi agreed to halt the Civil Disobedience Movement in exchange for certain concessions, like the release of political prisoners.
4. August Offer (1940): Proposed by the British government, it promised dominion status for India after World War II but was rejected by the Indian National Congress, as it fell short of complete independence.

Both are allotropes of Carbon.

An octane rating (or octane number) measures a fuel’s ability to resist “knocking” or “pinging” during combustion in an engine. Knocking occurs when the air-fuel mixture ignites prematurely due to compression, which can damage the engine.

The Himalayas are divided into three main parallel ranges based on their altitude and characteristics:
1. The Great Himalayas (Himadri): This is the highest and most continuous range, with peaks often exceeding 6,000 meters, including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga. It contains permanent snow caps and glaciers.
2. The Lesser Himalayas (Himachal): Located to the south of the Great Himalayas, this range consists of rugged and steep mountains with elevations typically between 2,000 to 5,000 meters. Popular hill stations like Shimla and Mussoorie are situated here.
3. The Shivalik Hills (Outer Himalayas): As the lowest range, it lies at the foothills of the Himalayas and has altitudes ranging from 600 to 1,500 meters. These hills are composed of loose sediments and are prone to erosion.

The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded on December 28, 1885, in Bombay (now Mumbai). It was initiated by A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, with the support of prominent Indian leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and W.C. Banerjee. The first session was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, and W.C. Banerjee served as its first president.

See National and Per Capita Income

See Philosophy of Jain

Earth’s surface re-emits heat in the form of infrared radiation, which has longer wavelengths compared to ultraviolet radiation.
Clouds and gases reflect about one-fourth (25%) of the incoming solar radiation back into space. This reflection, known as albedo, plays an essential role in Earth’s energy balance.

The Attorney General of India serves as the government’s chief legal adviser and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. This position is established under Article 76 of the Indian Constitution.

An algae bloom refers to the rapid growth or accumulation of algae in aquatic environments, such as lakes, rivers, or oceans. This phenomenon is often triggered by an excess of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, which can come from agricultural runoff, sewage, or other sources. Excessive blooms can block sunlight, deplete oxygen levels in the water (leading to fish deaths), and sometimes produce harmful toxins, known as harmful algal blooms (HABs).

The Sangama, Saluva, and Tuluva dynasties were associated with the Vijayanagara Empire in South India. This empire, founded in 1336 by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, was a prominent power in medieval India.
• The Sangama Dynasty (1336–1485) was the founding dynasty of the empire.
• The Saluva Dynasty (1485–1505) succeeded the Sangama dynasty but ruled for a relatively short period.
• The Tuluva Dynasty (1505–1570) followed, with its most notable ruler being Krishna Deva Raya, who is remembered for his military conquests and contributions to art and architecture.

IPS officer Neena Singh:
• Neena Singh is a 1989 batch Rajasthan cadre IPS officer.
• She was presently posted as Special Director General in CISF and was holding the additional charge of Director General.
• She has the distinction of being the first woman IPS officer in Rajasthan.
• She also served as Joint Director of the CBI from 2013 to 2018.

Vesara style is a blend of Nagara (North Indian) and Dravidian (South Indian) architectural elements. An excellent example of the Vesara style of architecture is the Chennakesava Temple at Belur, Karnataka.

The Peninsular Plateau is one of the oldest and most stable landforms in India, covering a significant portion of the southern part of the country. It is roughly triangular in shape, with its base along the northern plains and its apex at Kanyakumari.

Air India’s generative AI virtual agent is called AI.g. It is powered by ChatGPT and designed to assist passengers with various travel-related queries, such as flight status, baggage allowances, booking, and check-in. Additionally, Air India has introduced another generative AI virtual agent named Maharaja, powered by Microsoft’s Azure OpenAI service.

The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) recognizes cities worldwide for their contributions to creativity in various fields, including music. In the music category, cities are acknowledged for their rich musical heritage, vibrant music scenes, and efforts to promote music as a tool for sustainable urban development.
In India, Varanasi (2015) and Chennai (2017) have been designated as UNESCO Creative Cities of Music. Recently, Gwalior (2023) was also added to this prestigious list. These cities are celebrated for their contributions to Indian classical music, such as the Banaras Gharana in Varanasi and the Carnatic tradition in Chennai, while Gwalior is renowned for its Gwalior Gharana and its association with legendary musician Tansen.

The Cabinet Secretary of India serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board. This position is the highest-ranking civil servant in the country and plays a crucial role in coordinating the central government’s administrative functions. The Cabinet Secretary also heads the Cabinet Secretariat and advises the Prime Minister on policy matters.

Catalytic converters use platinum, palladium, and rhodium as catalysts to eliminate poisonous gases. These metals facilitate chemical reactions that convert harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons (HC) into less harmful substances such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen (N₂), and water vapor (H₂O).

The hormone oxytocin is sometimes misused to increase the size of vegetables like pumpkins, watermelons, and cucumbers.

Damodar Valley Project was established in 1948 and modeled after the Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States. The project aimed to control floods, provide irrigation, generate hydroelectric power, and support navigation in the Damodar River basin, which spans parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal.

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, often referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics, was established in 1968 by Sweden’s central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, to commemorate its 300th anniversary. Although not one of the original Nobel Prizes, it is awarded alongside them and follows similar selection criteria.

See Philosophy of Buddha

See National and Per Capita Income

The phrase “India for the Indians” is associated with Chittaranjan Das, a prominent leader in India’s freedom struggle. He used this slogan to advocate for self-governance and unity among Indians during the colonial period.

Sodium Bicarbonate: Baking Soda
Sodium Bisulphite : used for food preservation among other uses

The Ganga is formed from the 6 headstreams and their five confluences.
Devprayag: Confluence of Bhagirathi river and Alaknanda river.
Rudraprayag: Confluence of Mandakini river and Alaknanda river.
Nandaprayag: Confluence of Nandakini river and Alaknanda river.
Karnaprayag: Confluence of Pindar river and Alaknanda river.
Vishnuprayag: Confluence of Dhauliganga river and Alaknanda river.

The Qutub Minar has five storeys. It stands at a height of 72.5 meters (238 feet) and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Delhi. The first three storeys are made of red sandstone, while the fourth and fifth storeys are constructed using marble and sandstone

See National and Per Capita Income

As part of the Roka-Chheka campaign, animals will be regularly brought to Gothan to protect crops from grazing.

Kappal Pandum is a unique festival celebrated by the Dorla tribe in the Bastar region. It involves the symbolic marriage of frogs, which is performed as a ritual to invoke rain and ensure a good harvest.

When Chhattisgarh was formed on November 1, 2000, it originally consisted of 16 districts. These districts were inherited from Madhya Pradesh and had been established at various times:
1. Raipur: Established in 1861.
2. Bilaspur: Established in 1861.
3. Durg: Established in 1906.
4. Bastar: Established in 1948.
5. Surguja: Established in 1948.
6. Rajnandgaon: Established in 1973.
7. Kanker: Established in 1998.
8. Korba: Established in 1998.
9. Janjgir-Champa: Established in 1998.
10. Dhamtari: Established in 1998.
11. Mahasamund: Established in 1998.
12. Kabirdham: Established in 1998.
13. Koriya: Established in 1998.
14. Jashpur: Established in 1998.
15. Raigarh: Established in 1948.
16. Dantewada: Established in 1998.
As all the options are wrong, it was deleted by CGPSC.

Kali Kamod and Loctimanchi are also varieties of paddy.

During the British period in Chhattisgarh, the region was administered as part of the Central Provinces. Some notable British administrators and their contributions include:
1. Captain Edmund: The first British Superintendent of Chhattisgarh. He dealt with revolts, such as the one in Dongargarh Zamindari.
2. Colonel P. Vans Agnew: Superintendent from 1818 to 1825, during which the capital was shifted from Ratanpur to Raipur.
3. Mr. Sandice: Superintendent from 1825 to 1828, known for addressing conflicts between Bastar and Karonde Zamindaris.
4. Mr. Crawfurd: Superintendent from 1828 to 1830, under whom the British protectorate ended, and administration was handed over to the Bhosle ruler, Krishna Rao Appa.

Gadwa Baja is a traditional musical instrument and is part of the Bastar Iron Craft, which holds a Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

Chhattisgarhi Raj Bhasha Diwas is celebrated on November 28th each year in Chhattisgarh to honor the state’s official language, Chhattisgarhi. This day marks the passage of the Rajbhasha Bill, which recognized Chhattisgarhi as the official language of the state.

District-wise overview:

1. Raipur: Limestone, diamond, and quartz.
2. Balodabazar: Limestone, dolomite, and traces of gold.
3. Gariaband: Garnet, diamond, and alexandrite.
4. Durg: Limestone, molding sand, and quartzite.
5. Kabirdham (Kawardha): Bauxite, limestone, and iron ore.
6. Rajnandgaon: Limestone, iron ore, fluorite, and quartz.
7. Korba: Coal and mica.
8. Surguja: Coal and bauxite.
9. Dantewada: Iron ore and tin ore.
10. Bijapur: Corundum and bauxite.
11. Sukma: Quartz, limestone, and tin.
12. Jashpur: Gold and bauxite.

District-wise list of family courts in the state:
1. Raipur
2. Bilaspur
3. Durg
4. Janjgir-Champa
5. Korba
6. Rajnandgaon
7. Mahasamund
8. Raigarh
9. Surguja
10. Jashpur
11. Kabirdham (Kawardha)
12. Kanker
13. Dhamtari
14. Bastar
15. Bemetara

In the folk culture of Bastar, mahua is primarily used for Mongrahan Kham, whereas in some parts of central Bastar, sal wood is also utilized along with mahua to provide a stronger foundation.
Hence it was deleted by CGPSC.

Kare Pandum: A festival marking the beginning of agricultural activities, often celebrated with rituals to ensure a good harvest.

Botigati Pandum: Associated with sowing seeds and invoking blessings for the growth of crops.

Pachchig Pandum: Celebrated during the harvest season, expressing gratitude to nature for its bounty.

Toram Pandum: A festival of joy and community bonding, often involving music, dance, and feasting.

The Rohini Nayyar Award was established in memory of Dr. Rohini Nayyar, an esteemed economist and bureaucrat. It recognizes individuals under the age of 40 for their outstanding contributions to rural development in India. The award includes a cash prize of ₹10 lakh, a citation, and a trophy. Deenanath Rajput (2023) was awarded this award for empowering tribal women farmers in Bastar.

The classification of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) is based on specific criteria that highlight their vulnerability. These criteria include:

1. Pre-agricultural level of technology: Communities that rely on rudimentary tools and practices for subsistence.
2. Stagnant or declining population: Groups with low population growth or a declining demographic trend.
3. Extremely low literacy levels: Limited access to education and very low literacy rates.
4. Subsistence-level economy: Dependence on basic, non-commercialized economic activities for survival.

As of recent data, approximately 36% of the agricultural area in Chhattisgarh is irrigated.

As per options British traveller George Forester travelled to Chhattisgarh during the reign of Madhoji Bhosle. All other events happened during the reign of Raghuji third in Chhattisgarh.

As described in ancient texts like the Natya Shastra:

1. Tat (Stringed Instruments): Instruments that produce sound through vibrating strings, either plucked or struck. Examples include the Veena, Sitar, and Tanpura.
2. Vitat (Bowed String Instruments): Instruments played with a bow, such as the Sarangi, Violin, and Esraj.
3. Ghan (Solid Percussion Instruments): Instruments that produce sound by striking solid surfaces, like the Manjira, Jal-Tarang, and Ghatam.
4. Sushir (Wind Instruments) : Instruments that use air to produce sound, such as the Bansuri (flute), Shehnai, and Harmonium.