(Topic-Wise Mains Papers) Paper-VI: Philosophy (दर्शनशास्त्र)

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Paper- VI (General Studies- IV: Philosophy and Sociology)

Part 01: Philosophy

Indian Philosophy: Nature of Philosophy, its relation between religion and culture, difference  between Indian and western Philosophy

2020

  1. What is the meaning of ‘Darshan’?(2 marks)

‘दर्शन’ का क्या अर्थ है? (2 अंक)

2. Explicit the relation between Philosophy and Religion. (4 marks)

दर्शन और धर्म के बीच संबंध स्पष्ट कीजिये । (4 अंक)

2017

1.            Give short description of Nastik Darshan. (2 marks)

2.            Indian Philosophy is characterized by predominantly spiritual outlook. Illustrate with example. (8 marks)

3.            Is Indian Philosophy pessimist? Describe. (15 marks)

4.            What is the relation of life with Indian Philosophy? (15 marks)

2016

1.            Elucidate the point of main differences between Indian and Western Philosophy. (4 marks)

2015

1.            Is philosophy the mother of all subjects? (2 marks)

2.            Is religion and philosophy complementary? (2 marks)

3.            Why the school of Indian Philosophy is divided into Astika and Nastika? (4 marks)

4.            Give a comparative account of Indian and Western Philosophy. (8 marks)

5.            What is philosophy? (5 marks)

6.            Explain the characteristics of Indian Philosophy. (15 marks)

2014

1.            What do you mean by philosophical traditions known as Astika and Nastika? (2 marks)

2.            ‘Indian Philosophy is not mere a theory but therapy too’- explain it. (4 marks)

2013

1.            State the meaning of the term ‘Darshan’ in Indian context. (2 marks)

2.            Discuss the fundamental features of Indian Philosophy. (4 marks)

2012

1.            ‘Philosophy is the transformation of life.’ Comment. (2 marks)

Veda and Upanishad: Brahman,  Atman,Rit, Philosophy of Gita- Sthitpragya, Swadharma, Karmayoga

2022

1. What is the core subject of the Upanishads? (02 marks)

उपनिषदों का मूल विषय क्या है? (02 अंक)

2. What does it mean by Rita? (04 marks)

ऋत से क्या आशय है? (04 अंक)

2018

1.            What do you mean by Rta? (2 marks)

2.            What is the meaning of Sthitpragya according to Gita? (2 marks)

3.            Discuss the nature of Brahman according to Acharya Sankara. (15 marks)

2017

1.            What is the meaning of Upanishad? (2 marks)

2016

1.            What is called Prarabdh Karma? Can it be destroyed? (2 marks)

  • Philosophy of Charvaka: Epistemology, Metaphysics, Hedonism.
  • Philosophy of Jain: Nature of Jiva, Anekantvada, Syadavada, Panchamahavrata,

2022

1. Give the definition of Charvaka Philosophy. (02 marks)

चावार्क दर्शन की परिभाषा दीजिये। (02 अंक)

2. What do you mean by ‘Asatkaranvad’? (02 marks)

असतकारणवाद से आप क्या समझते हैं? (02 अंक)

3. Define the Syadavada. (04 marks)

स्यादवाद को परिभाषित कीजिये। (04 अंक)

2020

  1. What do you understand by ‘Syavada’? (2 marks)

‘स्यावाद’ से आप क्या समझते हैं? (2 अंक)

2. What is ‘Anekantvada’? (2 marks)

‘अनेकान्तवाद’ क्या है? (2 अंक)

3. Explain ‘Panch Mahavrata’ of Jainism. (4 marks)

जैन धर्म के ‘पंच महाव्रत’ की व्याख्या कीजिए। (4 अंक)

2018

1.            What is the nature of Jiva according to Jaina philosophy? (4 marks)

2016

1.            What are the ‘Triratnas’ according to Jain Philosophy? (2 marks)

Philosophy of Buddha: Pratityasamutpada, Ashtanga Marg, Anatmavada,  Kshanikvada

2022

1. What do you mean by ‘Pratityasamutpada’? (02 marks)

प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद से आप क्या समझते हैं? (02 अंक)

2. Explain the theory of ‘No Soul’ of Buddha Philosophy. (15 marks)

बौद्ध दर्शन के ‘अनात्मवाद’ के सिद्धान्त की व्याख्या कीजिये। (15 अंक)

2020

  1. What is the Cause-Effect Theory of Buddhism? (2 marks)

बौद्ध धर्म का कारण-प्रभाव सिद्धांत क्या है? (2 अंक)

2. Explain in brief ‘Ashtang-Marg’ of Buddhism. (8 marks)

बौद्ध धर्म के ‘अष्टांग-मार्ग’ को संक्षेप में समझाइए। (8 अंक

2018

1.            What do you mean by Pratityasamutpada? (2 marks)

  • Six schools of Indian philosophy:
  • Philosophy of Samkhya: Satkaryavada, nature of prakriti and purusha, vikasavada
  • Philosophy of Yoga: Ashtanga Yoga
  • Philosophy of Nyaya: Prama, Aprama, Asatkaryavada
  • Philosophy of Vaisheshika: Parmanuvada,
  • Philosophy of Mimamsa: Dharma, Theory of Apurva,
  • Philosophy of Advaita Vedanta: Brahman, Maya, Jagat, Moksha

2022

1. What does it mean by ‘Purusha’ in Sankhya Philosophy? (02 marks)

सांख्य दर्शन मे ‘पुरुष’ से क्या तात्पर्य है? (02 अंक)

2. Explain Samadhi according to Yoga Philosophy. (08 marks)

योग दर्शन के अनुसार समाधि की व्याख्या कीजिये। (08 अंक)

2020

  1. What do you mean by ‘Satkaryavada’? (2 marks)

‘सत्कार्यवाद’ से आप क्या समझते हैं? (2 अंक)

2. How many types of ‘Yama’are there? (2 marks)

‘यम’ कितने प्रकार के होते हैं? (2 अंक)

3. Explain ‘Sadhan-Chatushtaya’. (2 marks)      

‘साधन-चतुष्टया’ की व्याख्या कीजिए। (2 अंक)   

4. What is ‘Pratyahar’? (2 marks)

‘प्रत्याहार’ क्या है? (2 अंक)

5. How does Sankhya Philosophy prove the existence of power of ‘Purusha’? Discuss. (8 marks)

सांख्य दर्शन ‘पुरुष’ की शक्ति के अस्तित्व को कैसे सिद्ध करता है? चर्चा कीजिये। (8 अंक)

6. According to Acharya Sankara, explain the concept of ‘Moksha’. (15 marks)

आचार्य शंकर के अनुसार ‘मोक्ष’ की अवधारणा की व्याख्या कीजिए। (15 अंक)

2018

1.            What is Prama in Nyaya Philosophy? (2 marks)

2.            State the meaning and object of Yoga. (2 marks)

3.            Define the concept of Dharma in Indian context. (2 marks)

4.            Define Anuman (Inference) according to Nyaya Philosophy. What are its kinds? (4 marks)

5.            Explain Sankhya theory of Causation. (8 marks)

2017

1.            Write Kanad definition of Dharma. (2 marks)

2.            Samadhi is the perfection of Yoga. Write a note. (4 marks)

3.            What are the kinds of ‘Klesha’ according to Yoga Shastra? (4 marks)

2016

1.            What are the ‘Niyamas’ as per Yoga Philosophy? (2 marks)

2.            What is meant by six fold schools of Indian Philosophy? (2 marks)

3.            Explain the internal means of Yoga discipline. (8 marks)

2015

1.            What are the external means of yoga practice? (2 marks)

2014

1.            Give a proper definition of Yoga? (2 marks)

2.            What are the ‘Yamas’ according to Yoga Philosophy? (2 marks)

3.            Explain ‘Chitta-Bhumies’ according to Yoga Philosophy. (8 marks)

2013

1.            What do you mean by ‘Kritapranash’ and ‘Akritabhyupagama’? (2 marks)

2.            Describe the relationship between philosophy and culture. (2 marks)

3.            Explain ‘Pranayam’ according to Yoga Philosophy. (4 marks)

4.            Describe the ‘eight fold paths’ of Yoga practice. (8 marks)

  • Indian Philosophers:
  • Kautilya: Theory of  Saptanga, theory of Mandal; 
  • Swami Vivekananda: Practical Vedanta, universal religion,
  • Sri Aurbindo:  Integral yoga, super mind
  • Gurunanak: social-ethical philosophy,
  • Guru Ghasidas: Characteristics of Satnam pantha;
  • Vallabhacharya:  Pushtimarga
  • Mahatma Gandhi: Ahinsa, satyagraha, eleven vows;
  • Bhimrao Ambedkar: Social thought,
  • Deendayal Upadhyay: Ekatma manav darshan

2018

1.            What are the 11 Vratas according to Mahatma Gandhi? (4 marks)

2.            Elucidate Dr B R Amendkar’s view of equality. (8 marks)

  • Western Philosophers:
  • Plato: virtues;
  • Aristotle: theory of causation;
  • Saint Anselm: ontological argument for the existence of God;
  • Descartes: method of doubt, I think therefore I am;
  • Spinoza: Substance, Pantheism;

2022

1. How many kinds of virtues are there as per Plato? (02 marks)

प्लेटो ने सद्गुण के कितने प्रकार माने हैं? (02 अंक)

2. Explain the theory of Pre-established Harmony. (04 marks)

पूर्व-स्थापित सामंजस्य के सिद्धान्त को समझाईए। (04 अंक)

3. What are the different theories of Causation according to Aristotle? (04 marks)   

अरस्तू के अनुसार कारणता के विभिन्न सिद्धान्त कौन-कौन से हैं? (04 अंक)

4. Explain the Substance according to Spinoza. (08 marks)

स्पिनोजा के अनुसार द्रव्य की व्याख्या कीजिये। (08 अंक)

5. “I think, Therefore, I am.” Explain. (15 marks)

“मैं सोचता हूँ, अतः मैं हूँ।“ व्याख्या कीजिये। (15 अंक)

2020

  1. Discuss the ‘ontological argument’ to prove the existence of God. (4 marks)

ईश्वर-सत्ता सिद्धि हेतु ‘सत्तामूलक तर्क’ की विवेचना कीजिये। (4 अंक)

2. Discuss the statement of Descartes- “Cogito Ergo Sum.”(I think, therefore I am) (8 marks)

देकार्त के कथन पर चर्चा कीजिये- “मैं सोचता हूँ, अतः मैं हूँ |” (8 अंक)

2018

1.            Define Substance according to Spinoza. (2 marks)

2.            What are the different theories of causation according to Aristotle? (4 marks)

3.            Discuss Spinoza’s concept of Pantheism. (8 marks)

  • Western Philosophers:
  • Leibnitz: theory of Monad, theory of pre- established harmony;
  • Locke: epistemology;
  • Berkeley: esse est percipii;
  • Hume: skepticism;
  • Kant- criticism;
  • Hegel: phenomenology and spirit, dialectical idealism;
  • Bradley: idealism. 
  • Moore: realism;
  • A.J. Ayar: verification theory;
  • John Dewey: pragmatism;
  • Saftre: existentialism

2022

1. What does it mean by ‘Monard of monards’ in Leibniz’s Philosophy? (02 marks)

लाइबनिज के दर्शन मे ‘चिद-बिन्दुओं के चिद-बिन्दु’ से क्या तात्पर्य है? (02 अंक)

2. Explain Pragmatism according to John Dewey. (08 marks)

जॉन डीवी के अनुसार व्यवहारवाद की समझाईए। (08 अंक)

2020

  1. Leibnitz’s monads have been classified into how many categories? (4 marks)

लाइबनिट्ज के चिदणुओं को कितनी श्रेणियों में वर्गीकृत किया गया है? (4 अंक)

2. ‘Kant’s criticism is the reconciliation of Rationalism and Empiricism.’ Discuss. (15 marks)

‘कांट की आलोचना तर्कवाद और अनुभववाद का मेल है।’ विवेचना कीजिए। (15 अंक)

2018

1.            How does GE Moore refute idealism? Explain. (15 marks)

Ethics: Meaning of Religion, Nature of philosophy of religion, religious tolerance, secularism, problem of evil

2022

1. What do you understand by ‘Ethics’? (02 marks)

नीति से आप क्या समझते हैं? (02 अंक)

2. Explain the kinds of Evil. (04 marks)

अशुभ के प्रकार बताइये। (04 अंक)

2020

  1. Explain the kinds of Evil. (4 marks)

अशुभ के प्रकार बताइए। (4 अंक)

2017

1.            Explain the idea of religious tolerance. (2 marks)

2.            What should be the characteristics of universal religion? (15 marks)

2016

1.            What are the main differences between religion and philosophy of religion? (2 marks)

2.            What do you mean by fundamental unity of religions? (10 marks)

3.            On what grounds unity among all religions can be established? Explain. (10 marks)

2015

1.            What is secularism? (4 marks)

2014

1.            What are the main differences between religion and philosophy? (2 marks)

2.            Which meaning of secularism is more suitable for multi-cultural society? Discuss with reasons. (20 marks)

2013

1.            What is religious tolerance? (2 marks)

2.            Elucidate the meaning of secularism in western context. (40/3 marks)

3.            Clarify the meaning of ‘secularism’ as it is accepted in Indian Constitution. (40/3 marks)

4.            Discuss the Gandhian viewpoint regarding ‘Sarva-Dharma-Sambhava’. (40/3 marks)

  • Ethical values and ethical dilemma,
  • Ethical elements in administration: honesty, responsibility, transparency, code of conduct for public servants
  • Corruption: Meaning, types, cause and effect, efforts to remove corruption. Relevance of whistle-blower.

2018

1.            Who is whistle blower? (2 marks)

2.            What are the different causes of corruption? (4 marks)


further reading

All subjects Topic-wise Mains Papers


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