After the death of Ashoka, the empire started disintegrating, and finally the last king Brihadratha was killed by a Brahamana viceroy at Ujjain Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BC and reigned…

Chandragupta Maurya with the help of Chanakya took advantage of the growing weakness and unpopularity of Nandas to overthrew last ruler of Nanda Dynasty- Dhananand in 322 BC to establish…

From the 6 century BC, the material advantages paved the way for the establishment of territorial kingdoms after Vedic period. ‘Jana’ or tribe was now given lesser importance as people…

Jainism and Buddhism are two ancient Indian religions that developed in Magadha Kingdom and continue to thrive in the modern times. Mahavira and Gautama Buddha are generally accepted as contemporaries (5th century BCE). Jainism and Buddhism share many features, terminology and…

Vedic Civilization started with the arrival of Aryans into the Indian Sub-continent and settled in the Indus region (known as land of seven rivers ‘Saptasindhu’) around 1500 BC from Central…

Aryabhata (5th– 6th century AD, Patliputra) 2015 (20’) 2012 (40’) Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on mathematics and astronomy. Some of the important works are Aryabhatiya and Arya-siddhanta. Major Contribution to…

Art 368 deals with the powers of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and its procedure. The amendment procedure laid down is rigid and flexible; flexible to include the changed…

Art 352- Art 360 deal with emergency provisions, incorporated to safeguard the sovereignty, unity and integrity of the country. These provisions empower the Union Govt to meet certain unforeseen emergencies…

The history of Panchayati Raj starts from the self-sufficient and self-governing village communities. In the time of the Rig-Veda (1700 BC), evidence suggests that self-governing village bodies called ‘sabhas’ existed. With the…

Part XV Art 324- 329 deals with elections. Art 324 provides for an independent Election Commission for the free and fair election. It vests power of superintendence, direction and control…