The southern state of Kerala has retained the top position on the index of India’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), while Bihar has been adjudged as the worst performer, according to a report by government think tank Niti Aayog.

Sushil Chandra is a 1980 batch Indian Revenue Service officer. He is the current and 24th Chief Election Commissioner of India. He previously served as the Chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes.

Chhichhore won the best film award at the 67th National Film Awards for 2019.

He has also served as the Chairman of Chhattisgarh Public Service Commission and Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission.

Bilaspur forest circle collected the maximum of 2.77 lakh standard bags of Tendu leaves in 2020-2021 followed by Surguja with 2.56 lakh standard bags.

The Pasupati Seal has the following characteristics:
1. Found in Mohenjo-Daro.
2. The seal depicts a human figure seated cross legged.
3. An elephant and a tiger are depicted to the right side of the figure, while on the left a rhinoceros and a buffalo are seen. Two antelopes (deer) are shown below the seat (nearby his feet).
4. The figure has a three horned head.

The Chhattisgarh Panchayat Raj Adhiniyam, 1993 Section 47 (3) The General Administration Committee shall consist of Chairman of all the Standing Committees.

Elections are held for the remaining term only.

Section 21A. Recalling of office-bearers of Gram Panchayat. – (1) Every Sarpanch of a Gram Panchayat shall forthwith be deemed to have vacated his office if he is recalled through a secret ballot by a majority of more than half of the total number of the members constituting the Gram Sabha.

According to Section 6. Meeting of Gram Sabha:
(1) There shall be held at least one meeting of the Gram Sabha in every three months:
Provided that upon a requisition in writing by more than one-third of the total number of members of Gram Sabha or if required by Janpad Panchayat, Zila Parishad or the Collector a meeting of Gram Sabha shall be held within 30 days of the requisition or such requirement.

Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body’s organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs. If a hemoglobin test reveals that your hemoglobin level is lower than normal, it means you have a low red blood cell count (Anaemia).

LED bulbs are more energy efficient than CFLs. The life of a LED bulb is usually up to 50000 hours or more while the life of a CFL bulb is up to 8000 hours. However, an LED bulb is expensive than a CFL bulb.

VIGBYOR (V: Violet, I: Indigo, B: Blue, G: Green, Y: Yellow, O: Orange, R: Red) colour spectrum: shorter the wavelength, higher the energy. V has least wavelength but highest energy and R has maximum wavelength but lowest energy.

ISRO built India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975. It was named after the mathematician Aryabhata.
In 1980, Rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3 launched from Sriharikota.

A geostationary satellite is an earth-orbiting satellite, placed at an altitude of approximately 35,800 kilometers (22,300 miles) directly over the equator, that revolves in the same direction the earth rotates (west to east).
Geostationary orbits fall in the same category as geosynchronous orbits, but it’s parked over the equator. While the geostationary orbit lies on the same plane as the equator, the geosynchronous satellites have a different inclination.

A convex lens converges (bends inward) the light generally falling on it. Therefore, it is called a converging lens.
The opposite is true in case of mirrors, i.e. concave mirror will converge light falling on it.
Therefore, they both will form real image of the Sun, which can be assumed as object at infinity.

Due to their crown-like projections on the surfaces coronaviruses got their name. The virus resembles a crown when viewed under an electron microscope. “Corona” in Latin means “halo” or “crown”.

Whenever there is economic growth, the wealth of the people also increases. Due to increase in wealth, the spending increases. As the spending increases, the demand increases leading to increase in price causing inflation.

Founded in 2008, NPCI is a not-for-profit organisation registered under section 8 of the Companies Act 2013. The organisation is owned by a consortium of major banks, and has been promoted by the country’s central bank, the Reserve Bank of India.

Famous examples of Section 8 companies include Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and Confederation of Indian Industries (CII). The objective of these companies is facilitating the growth of trade and commerce and India.

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) refers to the amount that all banks require maintaining in cash or in the form of Gold or approved securities (including Govt Bonds and Shares of companies).

India’s foreign exchange reserves comprise: foreign currency assets (FCA), gold, special drawing rights (SDRs) and reserve tranche position (RTP) in the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Indirect taxes make the distribution of income more unequal because of their regressive effects. The poor will get taxed a higher proportion of their income than the rich, making it a regressive tax.

Systemically Important Banks (SIBs) are perceived as certain big banks in country. Since country’s economy is dependent upon these banks, they are perceived as ‘Too Big To Fail (TBTF)’. HDFC Bank is third bank in country to be added in list of D-SIBs after State Bank of India (SBI) and ICICI Bank which were added in 2016 and continue to be in that category.

Only 5% of the currency notes paper is being manufactured by Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India at Hoshangabad (MP). RBI imports currency notes paper from European countries.

The Gini index or Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of distribution, often used as a gauge of economic inequality, measuring income distribution or, less commonly, wealth distribution among a population.
A value of 1 for Gini Coefficient in a country implies that there is perfectly equal income for everyone in its population.

In calculating current account, exports are marked as credit (the inflow of money) and imports as debit (the outflow of money).
When an intangible service (e.g. tourism) is used by a foreigner in a local land and the local resident receives the money from a foreigner, this is also counted as an export, thus a credit.

A GI is an indication which shows that a particular agricultural, natural or manufactured good originates from a definite geographical territory. It is used to identify goods having special characteristics originating from a definite geographical territory. The GI is not licensed but has to be registered with Registrar of Geographical Indications.

The IMF oversees the world’s monetary system’s stability, while the World Bank’s goal is to reduce poverty by offering assistance to middle-income and low-income countries.
http://cgcompetitionpoint.in/2019/04/16/international-monetary-fund-imf/

Disguised unemployment means that more people are engaged in a job which can be done with less people, normally seen in agriculture where whole family is involved. It means extra people can be removed without affecting the productivity, i.e. their marginal productivity is zero.

The Eight Core Industries comprise nearly 40.27% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). These are Electricity , steel, refinery products, crude oil, coal, cement, natural gas and fertilisers.

President (or Governor) appoints and administers the oath of a member of Lok Sabha (or Assembly) as Pro-tem Speaker. By convention a senior most Lok Sabha (or Assembly) member is usually is selected as the Protem Speaker. The appointment of Pro tem speaker is a convention and there is no provision mentioned in the Constitution for this position.

Duty of a Pro-tem Speaker is to administer the oath of office to new members of the house. He also enables the House to elect the new Speaker.
Once the new Speaker is elected, the office of the pro tem speaker ceases to exist. He also administers the floor test.

Article 41 (DPSPs): The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.

The Central Zonal Council, comprises the States of Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Chief Minister Baghel bacame the Vice-Chairman of Central Zonal Council.

An interim budget in all practical sense is a full budget but made by the government during the last year of its term – ie. just before the election. An interim Budget is a complete set of accounts, including both expenditure and receipts. But it may not contain big policy proposals.

Vote on Account is explained as a grant made in advance by Parliament for expenditure for a part of the next financial year.
Since the Parliament elections are due, the government would be presenting interim Budget.

If the Chief Minister is not directly elected by the citizens, (being a member in the Upper House-Vidhan Parishad), then he can not vote in the Presidential Elections.

Article 310: “Except as expressly provided by this Constitution, every person who is a member of a Defence service or of a civil service of the Union or of an All India Service or holds any post connected with Defence or any civil post under the Union holds office during the pleasure of the President, and every person who is a member of a civil service of a State or holds any civil post under a State holds office during the pleasure of the Governor of the State.”

According to Article 108: If there has been a deadlock between the Houses regarding a Bill but the LS is somehow dissolved, the Bill lapses.

But if the President has already notified the intention to summon a joint sitting and the LS is dissolved before the joint sitting has actually taken place, the Bill doesn’t lapse and the joint sitting takes place anyway.

Speaker has unquestionable powers to decide if a Bill is a Money Bill or not. It cannot be questioned in any court.

Calcutta High Court has jurisdiction over Andaman and Nicobar Islands and West Bengal.
Bombay High Court has jurisdiction over Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Maharashtra.

Finance Commission for State:
• The act also provides for a Finance Commission for State to be constituted by the Governor after every 5 years
• To review the financial position of the Panchayats and municipalities and to recommend the principle of distribution of taxes and grant-in-aids to them by the State.
• The Governor is to place the Report of the Commission along with the action taken report before the State Legislature.
• The Central Finance Commission also suggests the measures to augment the Consolidated Fund of the State to supplement the resources of Panchayats and municipalities.

Bharat Mata Vahini organized in the villages including members from women SHGs works for preventing the sale of liquor and campaigns against the alcoholism.

To supplement the protein requirement of about 25 Lakh Antyodaya and Priority families in the Schedule and MADA Areas of Chhattisgarh, 2 kg gram is being provided at Rs 5 per kg.

Madhya Kshetra Adivasi Vikas Pradhikaran (Central Tribal Development Authority)
HQ: Raipur
Coverage: Raipur, Durg and Bilaspur

9 Important places of the Ramayana Period in Chhattisgarh have been identified and being developed under Ram Vangaman Paryatan Paripath Yojana (Popularly Ram Vangaman Marg):
1. Sitamarhi-Harchauka (Koriya)
2. Ramgarh (Surguja)
3. Shivrinarayan (Janjgir-Champa)
4. Turturia (Baloda Bazar)
5. Chandkhuri (Raipur)
6. Rajim (Gariaband)
7. Sihava (Dhamtari)
8. Jagdalpur
9. Ramaram (Sukma)

Mukhya Mantri Haat Bazar Clinic Yojana was launched in Chhattisgarh on 2 October 2019 on the occasion of 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. If focuses on making health facilities available in the rural markets (haat bazar) where people from remote and distant areas come for marketing and to improve the overall nutrition and health conditions in women and children.

The Galwan River flows from the disputed Aksai Chin region administered by China to the Ladakh union territory of India. It originates to the east of the area of Samzungling on the eastern side of the Karakoram range and flows northwest to join the Shyok River which itself is a tributary of the Indus River making Galwan a part of the Indus River system.

In June 2020, 20 personnel of the Indian army including a commanding officer, are killed in action in the ongoing Skirmishes between India and China at LAC in the Galwan Valley of Ladakh.

Boundaries of a national park and biosphere reserve are determined by legislation. Biosphere Reserve is declared to conserve some representative ecosystems as a whole for long-term. Each Biosphere Reserve is intended to contribute to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation.

The Westerlies in the Southern Hemisphere are stronger and more persistent because they mostly blow over open sea rather than land. At those latitudes the proportion of land rather than sea is much higher in the northern hemisphere, and mountains tend to slow down or block the prevailing westerly winds.
The rotation of the Earth creates a force, termed Coriolis force, which acts upon wind. It depends upon the latitude only, higher the latitude; the Coriolis force acted would be higher.

Population density (Census 2011): 382 per square km
Mizoram: 52 per square km
J & K: 56 per square km
Sikkim: 86 per square km
Arunanchal Pradesh: 17 per square km

Kolleru Lake is the largest freshwater lake in India. It is located in Andhra Pradesh located between Krishna and Godavari delta.

As India lacks skilled manpower, in order to take advantage of the youth population India should promote skill development for them.

Kharif Crops: Paddy, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Ragi, Arhar (Tur), Moong, Urad, Cotton, Groundnut, Sunflower Seed, etc.

Crust: Major constituent elements of crust are Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al) and thus, it is often termed as SIAL
Mantle: The major constituent elements of the mantle are Silicon and Magnesium and hence it is also termed as SIMA.
Core: It is composed mainly of iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) and hence it is also called as NIFE.

An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate. For e.g. the mangrove forests represent an ecotone between marine and terrestrial ecosystem, grassland (between forest and desert), estuary (between fresh water and salt water) and river bank or marsh land (between dry and wet).

Kaziranga is crisscrossed by four rivers — Brahmaputra, Diphlu, Mora Diphlu and Mora Dhansiri.

A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect.
The primary greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone whereas secondary greenhouse gases are mainly Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrofluorocarbons (includes HCFCs and HFCs)

Dau Maha Singh Chandrakar started a company called “Sonha-Bihan” in 1974. Sonha-Bihan was aimed to keep the soul of folk music alive in people’s heart and mind.

It is Dindwa Dance which is performed after departure of Baraat by the women folks. They make satire on the male dominant society.

The Raigarh Gharana of Kathak was established by Raja Chakradhar Singh Bahadur during his reign, by mixing different dance forms. Chakradhar Singh was himself a great exponent of tabla and pakhawaj. He was himself also a good dancer and musician.

Parpatiya Sunset Point: The place is around 30 kilometres from the Mainpat and is famous for its unparalleled views during sunsets, it is said that the neighbouring hills appear as cubes from this point.

The Rajim Kumbh is celebrated every year during February-March for about 15 days. It starts with Magh Purnima till Maha Shivratri.

Swadesh Darshan scheme is one of the flagship schemes of the Ministry of tourism, for development of thematic circuits in the country in a planned and prioritised manner. Under the scheme the first Tribal Circuit Project was launched from Dhamtari in Sep, 2018.

The project covers thirteen sites in Chhattisgarh i.e. Jashpur, Kunkuri, Mainpat, Kamleshpur, Maheshpur, Kurdar, Sarodadadar, Gangrel, Kondagaon, Nathiya Nawagaon, Jagdalpur, Chitrakoot, Tirthgarh.

https://www.patrika.com/jagdalpur-news/jagdalpur-dussehra-is-celebrated-75-days-here-would-not-ravan-dahan-1414454/

Bhadam dance is perfomed by Bhariya tribe and it is the longest performing tribal dance form.

Bongavada refets to strong belief in a formless and imaginary supernatural power.

Population of PVTGs in Chhattisgarh:
Korwa: 1.3 lakh
Pando: 1.1 lakh
Baiga: 0.9 lakh
Kamar: 0.26 lakh
Abujhmadia: 0.22 lakh
Bhunjiya: 0.10 lakh
Birhor: 0.03 lakh

Tribal Marriage System in Chhattisgarh:

Dudhlotawa Marriage: In this marriage, cousin brothers and cousin sisters are married. This marriage is more prevalent among the Gonds.

Paringadhan Marriage: In this marriage, there is a tradition of receiving wife by giving bride value. This practice is most prevalent among Khairvar tribes, also called as purchase marriage.

Ar-uto Marriage: The tradition of marrying a widow is called Ar-Uto marriage, also known as turmeric-water marriage or widow marriage.

Lamsena Marriage: In this marriage, the boy has to go to the girl’s house and show his capabilities in his future in-laws house. When the boy becomes successful, they give consent for the marriage. It is also known as Service or Charghiya marriage. In Kanwar tribe it is called Dharjan and Binjwar tribe it is known as Gharjiya.

Paysotor Marriage: In this marriage, the boy elopes with the girl to get married, also called abduction marriage. This marriage is the most prevalent among the Gond tribes of Bastar.

Stubborn Marriage: In this marriage, the girl enters the boy’s house to stay with him. The family gets compelled to give the consent for marriage. It is called Dhuku marriage in Korwa and Agariya tribe and Pethu /Pethul marriage in the Bhaiga tribe.

Gurawat Marriage: In this marriage, girls of two families are accepted as bride for the boys of another family, also known as exchange marriage. In the Birhore tribe, it is also called a golat marriage.

Gandharva Marriage: In this marriage, the girl and boy like each other before being married, also called love marriage. This marriage is the most prevalent among the Paraja tribe.

Verrier Elwin wrote many books on tribals including the above three. In the book The Gaur, he called the dance form of Muriya tribe, the most beautiful dance in the world.

Bhaina: A combination of Kanwar and Baiga, the Bhaina tribe lives in district Bilaspur.

Gidhwa-Parsada Bird Festival: Gidhwa-Parsada is a village in Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh, for past few years the wetlands of Gidhwa/parsada village are home to a variety of winter migratory bird species in large number.

Mahanadi

Manendragarh with 131,273 electors is the smallest Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh while Kasdol with 333,240 electors is the largest Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh.

In Chhattisgarh, the forest covers 44.21% of total area which is third in India after Arunanchal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

The Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 15 years research.
These verities are developed in accordance with the soil and climate of Chhattisgarh.
They are:
1. Chhattisgarh Pawan: from breaking in storms and high wind
2. Chhattisgarh Swarnaprabha: fiber and butter like pulp
3. Chhattisgarh Achaar:pickles and grows in bunch
4. Chhattisgarh Gaurav:golden yellow in color and looks attractive
5. Chhattisgarh Raj:less fiber and soft pulp

Because of its match industries Bilaspur is known as the ‘Sivakasi of Chhattisgarh’.

Sikasar dam is built on river Pairi in Mainpur, Gariaband District.

Rivers and their flow length in Chhattisgarh:
Mahanadi: 286 km
Hasdeo: 176 km
Indravati: 264 km
Shivnath: 290 km

The newly elected Congress Govt has enhanced the MSP for Tendu leaves from Rs 2500 to Rs 4000 per standard bag.
A standard Tendu leaves’ bag has 1000 bundles with 50 leaves in each bundle in which 25-25 leaves are arranges facing oppositely.

Dipa Karmakar first gained attention when she won a bronze medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, becoming the first Indian female gymnast to do so in the history of the Games.

Karmakar represented India at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, becoming the first Indian female gymnast ever to compete in the Olympics, the first Indian gymnast to do so in 52 years. She finished in fourth position in Women’s Vault Gymnastics event at Rio, with an overall score of 15.066.

Leena Yadu , First women in Raipur as wrestler and coach who represented the international team. She is called as First Dangal girl of Chhattisgarh.

Raja Raghuraj Singh Stadium: Bilaspur
Jayanti Stadium in Bhilai has been renamed as Shahid Veer Narayan Singh Stadium recently.

Ghanshyam Singh Gupt- Born in Durg, from 31 April 1937 to 1952 he was the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of CP and Berar. Also he was the Chairman of the Hindi Draft Committee of the Constitution in the Constituent Assembly.

The rebellion was led by the four Murmu Brothers – Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairav.

Welby Commission (1895): Administration of Expenditure of India

Simon Commission (1927): Working of the Indian constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919

Butler Committee (1927): Relationship between the paramount power and the Princely States

Also known the CR formula, it entailed:
1. The League was to endorse the Indian demand for independence and to co-operate with the Congress in formation of Provisional Interim Government for a transitional period.
2. At the end of the War, a commission would be appointed to demarcate the districts having a Muslim population in absolute majority and in those areas plebiscite to be conducted on all inhabitants (including the non-Muslims) on basis of adult suffrage.
3. All parties would be allowed to express their stance on the partition and their views before the plebiscite.
4. In the event of separation, a mutual agreement would be entered into for safeguarding essential matters such as defence, communication and commerce and for other essential services.

Government of India Act 1909 or Indian Councils Act 1909 (Also known as Morley- Minto Reforms) legalized communalism in India by recognizing separate electorate for Muslims and also for corporations, Zamindars and universities.
Govt of India Act 1919 (Montague- Chelmsford Reforms) extended the communal representation to Sikhs, Christians, Anglo- Indians and Europeans.

Annie Besant was the first woman president of Indian National Congress and was the chairperson during 1917 Calcutta Session. Annie Besant has become the head of the Theosophical Society, based in Adyar, Madras. Kamala Nehru was never an INC President.

The Cripps Mission Proposal included terms like establishment of Dominion, establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the Provinces to make separate constitutions after the war. Gandhi called the offer ‘a post dated cheque on a crashing bank’.
Congress demanded immediate transfer of power, negotiations broke down. Japanese forces were moving towards India, Congress decided to compel British and Quit India Movement resolution passed for a non-violent mass struggle with ‘Do or die’ slogan (everyone to be his own guide).

In 1893, Shri Aurobindo started writing political articles under the general title ‘New Lamps For Old’. These articles constituted a direct, invasive and eloquent attack on the Indian National Congress, whose policies Shri Aurobindo regarded as a process of futile petition and protest.

Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921): Important events during his tenure
1. August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people.
2. The government of India act in 1919 (Montague Chelmsford Reforms) was passed.
3. Rowlatt act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919)
4. Non Cooperation Movement.
5. Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.

Shrinathji Temple at Nathdwara (Rajasamand) is the central presiding deity of the Vaishnava sect known as the Pushtimarg (the way of grace) or the Vallabha Sampradaya, established by Vallabhacharya.

Nagarjuna was an Indian Buddhist philosopher who articulated the doctrine of emptiness (shunyata) and is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Madhyamika (“Middle Way”) school, an important tradition of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy.

Based on the language of the works of Tulsidas:
Awadhi works: Ramcharitmanas, Ramlala Nahachhu, Barvai Ramayan, Parvati Mangal, Janaki Mangal and Ramagya Prashna
Braja works: Krishna Gitavali, Gitavali, Sahitya Ratna, Dohavali, Vairagya Sandipani and Vinaya Patrika

The Buddhist texts state that Pushyamitra cruelly persecuted the Buddhists.

Halba Revolt: Bastar
Paralkot Revolt: Narayanpur
Koi Revolt: Bijapur
Mudiya Revolt: Sukma

Sharabhpuriya

Stone Age tools and cave paintings are found at:
Palaeolithic: Singhanpur, Kabra Mountain
Mesolithic: Singhanpur, Kabra Mountain, Dhanpur
Neolithic: Chitvadongari, Teram, Arjuni

Bhatt was related to the department concerning maintenance of peace in the kingdom.

Raw material supply to Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP):
Limestone: Nandini-Khudini
Dolomite: Hirri Mines
Coal: Korba
Iron ore: Dalli Rajhara
Manganese: Malajkhand, Balaghat

Individual Satyagrah started in the country in October 1940, Ravishankar Shukla was the first Individual Satyagarhi.