Capital receipts are loans taken by the government from the public, borrowings from foreign countries and institutes, and borrowings from the RBI. Recovery of loans given by the Centre to states and others is also included in capital receipts.

The tax to GSDP ratio is targeted at 7.2% in 2020-21, which is lower than the revised estimate of 7.7% in 2019-20. This implies that growth in collection of taxes is estimated to be lower than the growth in the economy.
Complete Budget Analysis

Ari Dongri mines is situated in Kacche (Bhanuprtappur) Kanker District . The Chhattisgarh Government has decided to operate it.

BSP: Russia
BALCO: Russia and Hungary (privatized in 2001 to Vedanta subsidiary Sterlite Industries.)
NTPC is an indigenous project of India.

Mineral and their leading producer states:
Alexandrite: Andhra Pradesh
Tin: Chhattisgarh (100% production from Chhattisgarh)
Mica: Andhra Pradesh
Corundum: Karnataka

Marwa Power Plant, Janjgir-Champa has the installed capacity of 1000 MW with 2 units of 500 MW. Since July 2016 both units are functional.

The per capita GSDP in 2020-21 (at constant prices) was Rs 82,419, which is 3.3% lower than in 2019-20.
For complete budget analysis click here.

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP): Rs 3,50,270 Crore (revised 2020-21)
Total Expenditure: Rs 99,975 Crore
Complete Budget Analysis

Thakur Pyarelal and Shankar Khare led the strike while V V Giri compromised with the management in the favor of labourers.

In the year 1930 in Village Themli of Sihawa of Dhamtari 800 cattle were caught by the forest Department for grazing in the reserved forest. They were kept in the Gattasilli Kanji house. Narayan Meghawale, Jagtap and Chhotelal went to Gattasilli with 25 revolutionaries. When the police tired to disperse them they laid on the ground in front of the Kanji House. The police poured boiling water on them but they did not disperse. Finally the administration returned the cattle without payment of any fine.

Hanuman Singh was Magzien Lascar in the British Army at Raipur. He pledged to take revenge for the death of Vir Narayan Singh. He killed his commander Major Sidwel with his sword. Hanuman Singh could escape but 17 other sepoys were arrested were publicly executed by tying on canons in the police lines of Raipur.

He hoisted the Tricolor at the Sitabardi Fort in Nagpur as it was the capital of Central Provinces and Berar. Ghanshyam Gutp hoisted the flag in Durg and Ramgopal Tiwari in Bilaspur.

Members from Central Provinces and Berar: Ambica Charan Shukla, Raghu Vira, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, B.A. Mandloi, Brijlal Nandlal Biyani, Thakur Cheedilal, Seth Govind Das,Hari Singh Gour, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar, Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh, Ravi Shankar Shukla, R. K. Sidhva, Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari, Frank Anthony, Kazi Syed Karimuddin, Ganpatrao Dani

In the month of May 1930, Congress leaders decided to establish “Satyagraha Ashram” in the house of Nathuji Jagtap in Dhamtari Tahsil. In the Satyagraha Ashram training programme was conducted for one week.

Madhavrao Sapre: Main works
Translation: Hindi Dasbodh (famous written in Samarth Ramdas‘s Marathi), Geeta Rahasya (Bal Gangadhar Tilak), Mahabharata Mimansa (Epilogue of Mahabharata: a famous book written in Marathi by Chintamani Vinayak Vaidya)
Editing: Hindi Kesari (weekly newspaper), Chhattisgarh Mitra (Monthly Magazine)

On March 28, 1953, Rajmohini Devi launched a satyagraha to demolish all the distilleries in the region. Around 50,000 people participated in the satyagraha that carried the message ‘Alcohol destroys mind-body-wealth’. She was awarded the Padma Shri by the President of India on March 25, 1989 for her outstanding efforts to uplift the weaker sections of society.

The nationalist movement and the Swarajist suffered grievous blow by the death of Deshbandhu Das in June 1925. After his death other leaders formed separate parties and from Swaraj Party emerged the Responsive Cooperation Party and the Independent Congress Party, both favoured responsivism. the Independent Congress Party. The Independent Congress Party was formed by E. Raghavendra Rao.

In 1926 elections, Congress lost in the Marathi Central Province and Berar. However, Congress candidate had clean sweep in the Hindi Central Province as Pt. Ravishankar Shukla stood against the Congress and lost to Seth Shivdas Daga. E.Raghvendra Rao won as the nomination of Thakur Pyarelal Singh was cancelled.

Dwarka Prasad Mishra was born in United Province in 1901. After completing his BA, went to Calcutta to study journalism at Amrita Bazar Patrika.

Malgujar was the former revenue collector in the Central Provinces, on whom the British administration conferred proprietary rights to land.

After returning from his deputation in England, Tilak adopted a policy of Responsive Cooperation with the new reforms. Under this policy nationalists were to enter the legislatures to advance the cause of self government for India and work the reforms for the benefit of the people.

There were 14 Princely States before 1905:
Kalahandi, Patna, Reirakhol, Bamda, Sonpur, Raigarh, Sarangarh, Sakti,(Raj) Nandagaon, Chhuikhadan, Bastar, Kanker, Kavardha and Khairagarh.

Five States- Surguja, Jashpur, Korea, Changbhakhar and Udaipur were transferred to Chhattisgarh Division in 1905 and five states- Kalahandi, Patna, Reirakhol, Bamda and Sonpur were transferred from Chhattisgarh to Odisha.

Therefore, the number of Princely States remained the same-14.

Pargana and Taluka: during Maratha
Tahsil: by British
Garh: during Kalchuri

According to Macaulay’s Educations planning in 1864 a middle school was started at Raipur, where co-education system was there and after 20 years it became a high school. Today it is known as, Jay Narayan Pandey Multipurpose Higher Secondary School. In 1882 Rajkumar college was established at Raipur, where princes of Indian kings came to study.

For collection of revenue from a Pargana, Amirs and Pandya were the revenue officers.

The Aathabisamela (fair) is held on the purnima (full moon) of the month of Magh to honour satis. Several sati altars exist in the precincts of the Mahamaya temple at Ratanpur in Chhattisgarh, showing that the sati tradition was prevalent in this region.

Like Lothal, remains of a harbour have been found in the river Pairi at a place called Sirkatti near Panduka village in Gariaband district of Chhattisgarh. Here there is a dockyard which was built by cutting the rocks. It is 5 to 6.5 metres wide. It is believed that beside being a port it was a commercial centre. The river was used for trading within and outside the country.

Mahashiva Tivardev:
He was the son of Nannaraj I and called ‘Sakal Koshaladhipati’. The Adbhar inscription of his son Nannaraja II states that his father had become the master of Kosala, Utkala (in present-day Odisha) and other regions “by the prowess of his own arms”.

Mahashiv Balarjuna:
His reign is called as the Golden Period of South Kosala. Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang visited in 639 AD during his reign and named South Kosala as Kia–sa–lo in his book Si-Yu-Ki. He was the contemporary of Harshagupta of Kannauj.

Gupta Dynasty: 319-550 AD

Nala Dynasty: 3-12 Century AD

Bana Dynasty: 8 Century AD

Kalchuri Dynasty: 1000-1757 AD

Veer Narayan Singh (1795–1857)was a landlord from Sonakhan. He is also known and considered as “The 1st Chhattisgarhi freedom fighter”. The British arrested him in 1856 for looting a trader’s grain stocks and distributing it amongst the poor in a severe famine year.

In 1857 with the help of the soldiers of the British Army at Raipur, Veer Narayan Singh Binjhwar escaped from prison. He reached Sonakhan and formed an army of 500 men. Under the leadership of Smith, a powerful British army was dispatched to crush the Sonakhan army.

Dariya Dev took help from Marathas and Jeypore State to assist him defeat his brother Ajmer Singh and to capture the kingdom. Ajmer Singh was defeated and killed. Kotpad Agreement (1778) was signed; Dariya Dev accepted the suzerainty of Marathas and Bastar became a part of Chhattisgarh under Marathas.

Subedars ruled from Ratanpur as a part of the feudal system of Marathas. They were not appointed on merit and efficiency but on contract. It existed from 1787-1818 till Marathas accepted the Subsidiary Alliance after defeat in the 3rd Anglo-Maratha War 1818 at Sitabardi.
After the death of Vyankoji Bhonsle, Raghuji II became the king but due to his young age, Appaji was appointed as the viceroy. He demanded high revenues and removed those Subedars who could not pay him.

Mahanadi in different times:
Ancient time: Kanaknandini
Satyug: Nilotpada
Dwapar Yug: Chitrotpala Ganga
Mahabharat: Mahananda

Ramayana Period place from Chhattisgarh: Chronologically
Surguja: Kiskindha Mountain, Ramgarh, etc
Kharaud: Khardushan’s area
Shivrinarayana: Residence of Shabari
Turturiya: Valmiki Ashram (Birthplace of Lava-Kush)
Shihava: Shringi Ashram (Rama killed demons)
Panchvati: Abduction of Sita
Bastar: Spent time in the forests
Sirpur: Kush became the ruler

It was Extra Assistant Commissioner

Diwan was the chief of a ‘Garh’. A Garh consisted of 7 ‘Baraho’, each ‘Baraho’ consisted of 12 villages.
Therefore, a Garh had 84 villages.

Samudragupta defeated Vyaghraj, which found mention in Prayag Inscription (Prayag Prashasti).

The whole concept of Samadhi is merging with consciousness through different means in Jainism.

An ancient temple of the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanathji is ina village named Nagapura in Durg district. It is called Uvasanghar Parshvanath. People from all over India come to visit this temple.

Mimamsa philosophy is basically the analysis of interpretation, application and the use of the text of the Samhita and Brahmana portions of the Veda.
According to Mimamsa philosophy, Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge, and religion means the fulfilment of duties prescribed by the Vedas.
This philosophy encompasses the Nyaya-Vaisheshika systems and emphasizes the concept of valid knowledge.

Ellora is a World Heritage Site located in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra with Buddhist, Hindu and Jain caves, built in proximity to demonstrate the religious harmony prevalent during this period of Indian history. These stunning man-made monolithic cave temples were carved during the rule of Kalachuri, Rashtrakuta and Chalukya dynasties.

Gopurams are absent in Nagara architecture. Mandapa’s are present in Nagara architecture.

Desai-Liaqat Pact
Bhulabhai Desai, leader of the Congress with Liaqat Ali Khan, leader of the Muslim drafted a proposal for the formation of an interim government at the centre, consisting of —

an equal number of persons nominated by the Congress & League in the central legislature
20% reserved seats for minorities
No settlement could be reached between the Congress and the League on these lines
But the fact that a sort of parity between the Congress and the League was decided upon, which had far-reaching

Attlee in 1928–1934 had been a member of the Indian Statutory Commission, called the Simon Commission. Attlee and the Labour leadership were sympathetic to the Congress movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. During the Second World War Attlee was in charge of Indian affairs. He set up the Cripps Mission in 1942, which tried and failed to bring the factions together.

Hastings laid the foundations of civil service and Cornwallis reformed, modernized and rationalized it. Hence, Cornwallis came to the known as the ‘Father of Civil Service’ in India. However, he reserved all the covenanted services for the Europeans (i.e., English personnel) and thus excluded Indians from superior posts.

Failure of Cripps mission, advent of aggression at the doors of India and mounting voices of nationalism triggered the Indian leaders and masses to launch Quit India in 1942. It was a not planned but was spontaneous.
Though Gandhi gave the slogan ‘Do or die’, it was mostly a non-violent movement but he did not lead the movement. However, the communists had opposed this movement and labour unions under Communist influence had apparently decided not to participate in the movement.

The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 by the Imperial Legislative Council. It had authorized the British government to arrest anybody suspected of terrorist activities. It also authorized the government to detain such people arrested for up to 2 years without trial.
It empowered the police to search a place without a warrant. It also placed severe restrictions on the freedom of the press. The primary intention colonial govt. was to repress the growing nationalist movement in the country.

In October 1940, Gandhi started ‘Individual Satyagraha’ (due to non-conducive environment of WWII) to start march towards Delhi (“Delhi Chalo Movement”) and selected Vinoba Bhave as the first Satyagrahi and Jawaharlal Nehru the second Satyagrahi.

Partition of Bengal (1905): The partition, officially announced on July 4, 1905, came into effect on October 16, 1905.

At the 1929 Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress under the Presidentship of Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru, the resolution of Poorna Swaraj or complete independence was taken up. It was also decided that the Congress would boycott the Round Table Conference being held in London and observe 26 January 1930 as the first independence day of India.

The newspapers/journals published by Gandhi: Navjivan, Indian opinion, Harijan, Young India, etc.

Born as Margaret Elizabeth Noble, later popular as Sister Nivedita. She was a disciple of Swami Vivekananda. She was described as a real lioness by Vivekananda, ‘Lokmata’ (the mother of the people) by Rabindra Nath Tagore and Agnishikha (the flame of fire) by Aurobindo Ghosh.

In England she was known as ‘The Champion for India’. Many of her letters written between 1900-1905 to her friend Miss Macleod reveal her hatred for British rule. One such letter writes “The British empire is rotten to the core –corrupt in every direction, and tyrannical and mean.

There are 146 Development Blocks presently in CG, out of which 86 are Tribal Development (TD) Blocks and rest are Community Development (CD) Blocks.

Sal Forests: 40.5% Area
Teak (Sagaun) Forests: 9.5% Area
Mixed Forests: 43.5% Area

Tirathgarh waterfall is situated on the river Mungabaha, which is the highest waterfall in Chhattisgarh with a height of 300 feet.

Govt Source

The major wetland types are River/Stream accounting for about 53 percent of the wetlands (179088 ha), Reservoirs (90389 ha), and Tanks/Ponds (40226 ha).

Rice is a tropical plant that requires sufficient water to grow well. Therefore, the soil used in growing rice should have a good water holding capacity. Silt clay, silt clay loam and clay are some of the soil textures that are best for rice farming. Fertile riverine alluvial soil is best for rice cultivation.

Laterite soil is also known as Bhata or Murmi locally. It is suitable for cultivating tea leaves.

It is found only in Gariaband District in Chhattisgarh.

Muriya Tribal Dance Forms and their occasions:

Ebaltor: Fair (Madai)
Hulkipata: General
Ghotulpata: Death Ceremony
Maopata: Hunting
Mandari: in Ghotul
Kaksar: in Ghotul to please God Lingopen

Mohri or Shahnai is a wind instrument that uses air as the primary vibrating medium for the production of sound.

Article 342: Scheduled Tribes (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union territory, as the case may be
Article 330: Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
Article 339: Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
Article 164: ….Provided that in the State of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, there shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare
Article 244: Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas

Bhatri, spoken by Bhatra Tribe, is an independent language which is considered an extension of Chhattisgarhi and Halbi language, which also has a strong influence on Odiya language. Most of the Bhatra Nat concentrates on the stories of Mahabharata, Ramayana and mythical narrative.

Dravid language family: Mudiya, Abujmadia, Gond, Kurukh or Oraon

The Halba tribes residing in Raipur and Bastar are more prosperous than other tribes in economic and social terms. The dialect of these tribes is a mixture of Odia, Marathi and Chhattisgarhi dialects. The people of this tribe have accepted the “Kabirpanth” and rejects meat, wines.

Rajim Maghi Punni Mela (Rajim Kumbh) celebrated at Rajim, Gariaband District on Magh Poornima. Rajim is situated at the confluence of three rivers- Mahanadi, Pairi and Sodhur.
The main tourist and religious attractions at Rajim are: Rajiv Lochan Temple and Kuleshwar Mahaved Temple. Kapileshwar Temple is a Shiva temple situated at Balod.

Chhattisgarhi Rajbhasha Day or Official Language Day is celebrated on 28 Nov. It marks the passing of landmark legislation to form Chhattisgarhi Rajbhasha Aayog on 28 Nov, 2008.

A mockery gun is referred to as Tupak, it is the tradition of ‘Guard of Honour’ to Lord Jagannath. The colourful Tupki is made from the hollow bamboo, palm leaves and coloured paper. The bullet used in Tupki is locally known as peng or pengu. This is a fruit of a wild climber used as herbage. People aim at one another with bamboo Tupki and the whole atmosphere fills with joy and laughter.

https://www.gaonconnection.com/desh/ram-nami-mela-chhattisgarh-ramnami-community-story-in-hindi-43224

The tale of Chandaini, or Lorik Chanda tells the story of the romance of an Ahir hero Lorik and Rajpur princess Chanda, who was already married. It emphasizes different elements of the narrative—the bravery of Laurik as a Ahir hero who defends the honour of his caste, the intrepidity of Chanda who steers the course of the love story between Laurik and herself, or the many challenges faced by Laurik and Chanda when they elope.
The story was moulded into a masnavi (or a Sufi tale) with mystical overtones in the Chandayana, composed by Mulla Daud in the 14th century.
The story is also mentioned by Elliot and he has also given authentic history of Ahir caste in this context.

Bharthari Folksongs are based on the separation of king Bhrathari and queen Pingla which is sung with Sarangi or Ektara.

Prakash Muni Sahab is the present Kabirpanth Acharya at Damakheda, Chhattisgarh.

Swami Atmanand established Vivekanand Ashram at Raipur to mark the historical Raipur visit of Vivekanand and also got it affiliated to the main Ramakrishna Mission, Belur Math.

Tree ecosystem (Pyramid of numbers) and Aquatic ecosystem (Pyramid of Biomass) are inverted.
An energy pyramid represents the amount of energy at each trophic level and loss of energy at each transfer to another trophic level. Hence the pyramid is always upward, with a large energy base at the bottom.

National Parks are declared by State Govt via notification (under Wildlife Protection Act 1972) and even for alteration in the boundary, State Govt is required to pass only a resolution.

Soil carbon refers to the carbon held within the soil, mainly as organic content. Soil carbon is the largest terrestrial pool of carbon (2,200 Gigatonnes). Soil carbon plays a key role in the carbon cycle and thus is important in global climate models.

Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India and was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park to protect the endangered Bengal tiger.

Edge effect refers to the changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitats (ecotone).

Gracula religiosa:Hill Myna (state bird)

Bubalus bubalis: Van Bhainsa (Water Buffalo) or Bison

Shorea robusta: Sal tree (state tree)

Madhuca Indica: Mahua

The Bharat Stage emission standards are the legal limits on the amount of air pollutants like carbon monoxide and particulate matter that a vehicle in India can emit. These standards are targeted at making improvements in three areas — emission control, fuel efficiency and engine design.

In a bid to bring down pollution levels, the Central government has announced that from April 1, 2020, all vehicles sold in India should comply with Bharat Stage-VI, or BS-VI emission standards.

When hot air rises, cold air from surrounding area rushes there to fill in the gap. That is how air circulation takes place.
This can be affected by the factors as mentioned (among others):
Density: Lighter air tends to rise and denser air tends to sink.
Air Temperature: One of most important factors affecting its density.
Air pressure: An outcome of the total atmospheric conditions in an area. From higher pressure areas, air flows to lower pressure areas.
Height of air column: High air columns (in which Jet streams etc. flow) blow at the height of 2-8 kms in troposphere. Their characteristics like temperature, pressure or density is not affected by the near earth air. However, they have a peculiar air circulation pattern.

Also known as Abdul Kalam Island, Wheeler Island is an island off the coast of Odisha, near Chandipur (Balasore). The Integrated Test Range missile testing facility is located on the island.
The Odisha government allotted Abdul Kalam Island to the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in 1993, following A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s request for land to build a missile testing facility.
On 4 September 2015, the island was renamed to honour the late Indian president, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.

Countries by their population: 1 July 2019 (estimates)
1. China: 143 Crore
2. India: 136 Crore
3. United States: 33 Crore
4. Indonesia: 27 Crore
5. Pakistan: 21.5 Crore
6. Brazil: 21 Crore
7. Nigeria: 20 Crore
8. Bangladesh: 16 Crore
9. Russia: 14 Crore
10. Mexico: 12 Crore

97.5% of all water on Earth is salt water, leaving only 2.5% as fresh water. Nearly 70% of that fresh water is frozen in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland. 0.7–0.8% is found as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.

Its Tropic of Cancer which passes through eight Indian states.
1-Gujrat-Gandhinagar-23′23
2-Rajasthan-Banswara-23′30
3-Madhya Pradesh-Bhopal-23′16
4-Chhatisgarh-Ambikapur-23′13
5-Jharkhand-Ranchi-23′34
6-West Bengal-Durgapur-23′52
7-Tripura-Nutan Bazar-23′42
8-Mizoram-Sabual-23′48

Krishak Jeevan Jyoti Yojana: Rs 2,500 has been allocated in Budget 2021-22 towards providing free electricity for agriculture pumps of up to 5 HP.
Complete Budget Analysis

In order to encourage more young voters to take part in the political process, the Election Commission of India celebrates January 25 every year as “National Voters’ Day”. It has been started from January 25, 2011 to mark Commission’s foundation day.

The amount will be given in three installments of Rs 2,000 each and will be transferred directly to the bank account.

Dr Khubchand Baghel Swashthya Sahayata Yojana was launched on 1 January 2020 to provide healthcare facilities in the private and government hospitals in Chhattisgarh free of cost up to a ceiling amount with only Ration Card.
Category: Ceiling Amount
BPL: Rs 5 Lakh
APL: Rs 50 Thousand

City and its slum population (in Lakh):
Bhilai: 1.85
Korba: 2.67
Raipur: 5.19
Durg: 1.29
Rajnandgaon: 1.14

Under Pauni Pasari Yojana, about 15 big platforms are built in the market area which are provided to the women SHG member for Rs 10 per day.

Under Universal PDS, an APL family of one person will get 10 kg of rice per month, a family of two will get 20 kg and a family of 3-5 persons will get 35 kg rice a month at the subsidised rate. Moreover, a family of more than five persons will get 7 kg rice per unit – that is a family of six will get 42 kg rice a month.

Madan Singh Chauhan also known as “Guruji” is a Folk & Sufi Singer from Chhattisgarh. He received the Padma Shri honour for his contribution in the field of Art in 2020.

Eminent rocket scientist S Somanath, who was chosen as the successor of K Sivan, assumed charge as the Chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Secretary of the Department of Space (DoS) on January 14. Previously serving as the Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) since 2018

Sardar Patel Stadium (commonly Motera Stadium) Ahmedabad, it officially holds the record as the world’s biggest cricket ground, with a seating capacity of 110,000.

She belongs to Chhattisgarh and stunned the nation after defeating Malvika Bansod to enter semifinal in India Open Batminton Tournament. Malvika had defeated ace shuttler Saina Nehwal.

Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthi’s new book discusses how the Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the common way of life while suggesting solutions to the ongoing crisis triggered by the disease.

Under the new film policy, the Chhattisgarh government has also announced a grant of Rs 1 crore to the National Award winning film of Chhattisgarh.

It is the autobiography of Ravi Shastri, India’s head coach for cricket.

The objective of Gaganyaan programme is to demonstrate indigenous capability to undertake human space flight mission to LEO. ISRO’s Human Space Flight Centre and Glavcosmos, which is a subsidiary of the Russian state corporation Roscosmos, signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for cooperation in the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.